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NS1 exam > Audiology > Flashcards

Audiology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what is the pinna made up of

A 
helix
fossa
concha
EAM
tragus
lobule
antitragus
antihelix
antihelical fold
scapha
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2
Q

resonance adult ear canal

A

2.5-3kHz

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3
Q

resonance child ear canal

A

7kHz

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4
Q

cone of confusion

A

area in which binaural cues (phase and transient disparities) are useless for sound localisation

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5
Q

law of the first wave

A

primary sound wave used to determine location

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6
Q

duplex theory of sound localisation

A

ITD and IID used to locate sound

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7
Q

layers of the TM

A

epidermis
lamina propria
mucosa

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8
Q

pars tensa

A

all three layers, makes up 85% of TM

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9
Q

pars flaccida

A

no lamina layer, 15% of TM

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10
Q

axial ligaments and tendons in middle ear

A 
anterior malleal ligament 
posterior incudal ligament 
tensor tympani tendon
stapedial tendon
annular ligament
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11
Q

middle ear protection mechanism

A

high intensity low frequency sound
above 80dBSL
reduction of 0.6-0.7dB per dB over sensation level
2000Hz or below

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12
Q

tensor palatini

A

opens and closes eustachian tube

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13
Q

immittance

A

impedance and admittance

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14
Q

admittance

A

energy flowing through the system

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15
Q

impedance

A

energy flow opposition

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16
Q

afferent pathway

A 
cochlea
cochlear nucleus 
SOC
lateral lemniscus 
inferior colliculus 
medial geniculate body
A1
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17
Q

auditory nerve

A

myelinated fibres - inner hair cells

unmyelinated fibres - outer hair cells

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18
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

1st major nuclei in path

anteroventral, dorsal, podterovental areas

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19
Q

SOC

A

in pons
MSO, LSO, MTB areas
first part to receive bilateral information

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20
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

ventral and dorsal nuclei

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21
Q

inferior colliculus

A

in brainstem/ mid brain

central nucleus, dorsal cortex, paracentral nuclei

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22
Q

MGB

A

afferent inputs from IC

ventral, dorsal and medial divisions

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23
Q

descending pathway

A 
cortex
MGB
IC
Lateral lemniscus
SOC
cochlear nucleus 
cochlea

influences the information reaching the brain

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24
Q

Right posterior superior temporal gyrus

Study These Flashcards
A

perception of sound

25
corticofugally controlled corticopetal-corticofugal loops
early filter | increase SNR
26
auditory filters
determines Hz selectivity of cochlea and sound discrimination
27
outer hair cell motility
displace basilar membrane moves membrane at resonant place = cochlear amplifier driven by prestin
28
habenula perforata
myelinated portion of auditory nerve
29
place theory
helmholtz tonotopicity through system if we know where the nerve fired we can determine the signal frequency
30
temporal theory
wever & bray nerves discharge at rates proportional to soundwave up to 1000Hz higher frequency (staggered firing - volley)
31
Volley principle
wever & bray nerve responds at peak of waveform different nerve fire in successive cycles
32
helicotrema
scala tympani and vestibuli communicate here
33
cochlea
``` houses organ of corti base high Hz apex low Hz 2 3/4 turns 35mm long divided by osseous lamina ```
34
modiolus
central axis of cochlea
35
reissner's membrane
``` divides scala media and vestibuli 2 layers epithelial mesothelial squamous cells linked by tight and adherens junctions ```
36
basilar membrane
divides scala media and tympani varies in thickness and width apex wider, flexible, thin, low Hz base less wide, stiff, thick, high Hz
37
Desomosomes
connects basilar membrane to border cells | strong connections which resist shearing
38
temporal bones
squamous tympanic petrous - inner ear here
39
vestibule
ultricle and saccule
40
striavascularis
``` rich blood supply o2 to cochlea metabolic control battery for cochlea gives endolymph positive charge pumping mechanism of K+ ```
41
bones
incus stapes malleus
42
area motor
prestin
43
outer hair cells
``` stria side rows of three to four stereocillia shaped like a W long and cylindrical electromotility from prestin deiter support cell at bottom amplify low level sounds ```
44
inner hair cells
modiolus side single row stereocillia shaped like a U depolarise when stimulated generate AP
45
deiters cell
cup bottom of outer hair cell provide support actin and tubulin skeleton
46
ribbon synapse
specialised cell glutamatergic glutamate vesicles attached to surface by filamentous tethers aka. dense bodies (inner hair cells) receive graded information about incoming stimulus
47
inner hair cell innervation
``` many to one innervation myelinated fibres radial fibres thick more fibres than hair cells type 1 ```
48
outer hair cell innervation
``` one to many innervation type 2 outer spiral fibres unmyelinated synapse with many hair cells ```
49
modes of transfer
EAM - air Middle ear - mechanical inner ear - mechanical, hydrodynamic, electrochemical nervous system - electrochemical
50
impedance mismatch
2 mediums different impedance, some reflected, some transmitted
51
interaural time / phase difference
sound on one side of head | difference in time taken to get to each ear, means signal will reach each ear at a different phase
52
interaural intensity / level differences
sound one side of head sound level in each ear differs noticed more in high Hz
53
hearing loss thresholds
mild 20-40dB moderate 41-70dB severe 71-95dB profound 95+dB
54
OME
no air exchange due to eustachian tube dysfunction retracted ear drum air trapped in TM is absorbed by mucosal membranes causes negative pressure resulting in a transduction of fluid into middle ear some water reabsorbed causing glue like fluid grommets, drainage, hearing aids, autoinflation colds and barometric changes
55
otosclerosis
``` abnormal bone growth stapes fixation to footplate genetic conductive/mixed hearing loss - progressive, bilateral and asymmetrical tinnitus, otalgia, vertigo Carhart's 2kHz notch Schwartze sign - redness of TM ``` surgery, hearing aids, sodium fluoride
56
presbycusis
age related hearing loss high frequency loss - bilateral, symmetrical hearing aids
57
Acoustic Neuroma
aka. vestibular schwannoma - tumor of schwann cells covering vestibular nerve asymmetrical SNHL unilateral tinnitus - can be only symptom vertigo, bell's palsy, poor limb coordination ABR, CT, MRI, speech testing ABR = waves 1, 2, 5 - increase latency MRI monitoring, gamma knife radiation (can cause hydrocephalus), hearing aids, surgery
58
types of presbycusis
sensory metabolic neural

NS1 exam (3 decks)

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