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Comparative Exam 2 > Audition and Magnetoreception > Flashcards

Audition and Magnetoreception Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is near field sound?

A

Displacement component of hearing in water where the water molecules are not just compressed and relaxed and remain in their same spot but are displaced/moved

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2
Q

What is an example of displacement of molecules in air aka near field sound in air?

A

When there is an explosion and you can actually feel the movement of the air

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3
Q

What type of animal picks up near field sound?

A

Fish

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of near field sounds?

A

Low frequency 100hz and lower.
Limited in range of few meters to a few tens of meters.
Short Lived.
Ex: Fish around boat hear banging of it when fishing

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5
Q

How can fish hear the near field sound?

A

Inner ear cavities in the skull containing otoliths bony structure that sits inside the end organ and is displaced when the direct/near field sound passes through. Statocysts move but the endorgan does not. Fish moves endorgan remains stationary. Endorgan covered in hair cells and when statocyst bangs against the side of endorgan signal is sent to the brain and fish interprets that as near field sound.

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6
Q

Are all fish capable of hearing near field sound? Why or why not?

A

Yes all fish have endorgans

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7
Q

What does far field sound require when hearing in water?

A

special apparatus

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8
Q

Can humans hear under water? To hear the same sound by how many fold must the pressure of the sound increase in order to hear it under water?

A

Yes

70 times greater decibel pressure to get the same sensation

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9
Q

What cant humans tell from sound underwater?

A

Can not determine the directionality of the sound bc we pick up direction of sound through the bones in the skull and the face

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10
Q

High frequency sounds produced by echolocating mammals in water do not travel very far why?

A

Wavelength is extremely short and water molecules do not fit well in between them so when a sound wave strikes a water molecule its given off as heat. 30 ft is max distance

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11
Q

What is the sonic range?

A

between 20-20000 hz the sound that we can hear

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12
Q

Infrasonic sounds are made by what animals?

A

Very large animals that can make a large enough low frequency sound to travel long distances under water. These sounds have no limit to how far they can go

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13
Q

Does sound travel faster in air or in water?

A

water about 4.7 times faster

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14
Q

What is the only component humans have for hearing?

A 
far field sound
the pressure(compression and relaxation) component of hearing
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15
Q

Can fish hear far field sound?

A

Yes but they must have a structure inside of them that is less dense than the water around them to which to compare sound

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16
Q

What is acoustically transparent?

A

An organism that is the same density as the environment (water)

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17
Q

Why cant acoustically transparent organisms hear far field sound?

A

Far field sound is the pressure component and if the organism is the same density as the water around there then there is nothing to compare the compression and relaxation from the sound to thus no way a receptor and receive a signal

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18
Q

Fish are acoustically transparent. What adaptation allows fish to hear far field sound?

A

swim bladder

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19
Q

What was the swim bladder derived from and what is it main purpose?

A

Lungs and buoyancy

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20
Q

How do fish swim bladder act as resonators?

A

The swim bladder is filled with gas, oxygen and nitrogen, that makes the swim bladder less dense than the other tissues. As a sound wave passes through the fish’s body the swim bladder acts as a resonator and will vibrate at the same frequency as the sound.

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21
Q

How do the vibrations from the swim bladder get interpreted as far field sound?

A

The vibrations are brought near the end organ in the fish. The statcyst is vibrated and the end organ interprets it as sound.

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22
Q

What ways can the end organ receive the vibrations for far field sound?

A
  1. osterophysan fishes
  2. hearing specialists
  3. Some fish have air bubbles in the skull close to the end organ and they vibrate and interpreted as sound
  4. cetaceans
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23
Q

How do Osterophysan fishes connects the swim bladder to the end organ?

A

They have weberian ossicles that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system. The weberian ossicles consists of the first three cervical vertebrae spinous processes, they are really long and touch on the swim bladder so as the swim bladder vibrates that is picked up by the vertebral column and transmitted to the inner skull ear.

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24
Q

How do hearing specialists hear far field

sound?

A

They use the swim bladder DIRECTLY through swim bladder extensions. These fishes are excellent at hearing and also produce sound.

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25
What method do most fishes use to hear far field sound?
Most fishes are osterophysan fishes (very large group including minnows) that use the weberian ossicles.
26
How do hearing specialists fish produce sound?
The sonorific muscle will vibrate the swim bladder and the fish produces its own sound
27
Why do spotted trout use their hearing specialist sound producing capability to communicate with others of their species?
They aggregate in large groups during spawning and the males will call the females in.
28
How do the Bluegill sunfish use their excellent hearing specialist capability to avoid predation by Gnarr fish?
The gnarr fish will sit still and act as a log and the bluegill sunfish like to use logs and such vegetation for cover from birds and other predators. Sometime the sunfish will swim too close to the mouth and be eaten by the gnarr. So before the sunfish sits under a log they sit back and listen, gnarr are air breathers and wheeze a little bit and if the sunfish hears the wheezing they know its not a log.
29
How do cetaceans hear far field sound?
As they dive they force the air out of their lungs which cannot be used for hearing. Instead they send out LOW ultrasonic frequencies that give them a general picture of interest. The frequency of the signal goes up when they spot something of interest such as a fish and they can receive fine detail such as speed direction size from the HIGH frequency sounds.
30
What is the key sensory modality in cetaceans?
Hearing. They build a spacial map out of sound.
31
What is our key sensory modality?
vision
32
How do the cetaceans pick up the sound?
They auditory meatus is filled in so they have less dense structures in the jaw bones, usually the lower jaw bone is hollowed out=pan bone and is oil filled.
33
Hearing in air is what type of sound?
far field sound
34
What does hearing in air require?
vibrating surface
35
Can invertebrates hear in water?
No evidence for it they can only hear in air
36
What is the vibrating surface in invertebrates?
the tympanum
37
The receptor for invertebrates for audition is what type of neuron and primary or secondary receptor?
It is a bipolar neuron connected to the tympanum and it is the primary receptor
38
WHat is the flow of sound through invertebrates to be interpreted?
vibrating tympanum--> attachment cell--> sensory dendrite of Bipolar neuron--> sensory axon of bipolar neuron--> interneuron net where it is interpreted
39
The entire structure/unit that includes the tympanum, neuron etc for hearing in the insects is called what?
Scolopidium
40
What do many Scolopidia make?
chordotonal organ
41
The functional unit for hearing in insects is called what?
Scolopidium
42
What is a functional unit?
smallest part of an organ or structure that does all the actions on that organ or structure
43
Why hearing a very difficult process in humans but relatively simple in fish and invertebrates?
Hearing evolved from fish which was an underwater system and when organisms moved out on to land everything about hearing had to be changed
44
What three parts can the vertebrate ear be broken down into?
the external, middle, and inner ear
45
What is the structures of the external ear and what are they designed to do?
1. pinna- Collect energy from outside the pressure wave that comes through 2. auditory meatus- funnels energy down to the middle ear and terminates at tympanic membrane
46
The energy and pressure wave from outside does not normally contain a lot of energy. What is the structure used to amplify the pressure wave?
Pinna
47
How is the pinna in humans compared to the pinna in dogs?
Our pinna is the fleshly part of our ear and it is greatly reduced the surface area is reduced. Also we cannot move our pinna in the direction of the sound as dogs can.
48
Is the tympanic membrane the external or middle ear?
DIVISION BETWEEN THE TWO
49
What type of material is the external and middle ear filled with?
air
50
What are the three specialized structures of the middle ear that articulate with one another?
malleus incus and stapes
51
What is another name for the malleus incus and stapes?
auditory ossicles
52
What is the malleus incus and stapes general function? | And what part of the inner ear does the stapes articulate with?
Bridges the gap in air between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear. The stapes articulates with the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.
53
The force pressure coming into the middle ear is still a weak pressure signal. How does the middle ear's auditory ossicles fix this?
The malleus incus and stapes act as a lever system. They increase mechanical advantage which amplifies the pressure force that is generated. Small force in large force out.
54
Where is the stapes in regards to the bony and membraneous labyrinth?
The stapes articulates with the bony labyrinth and there is a gap in the bony labyrinth covered with a membrane called the membraneous labyrinth
55
What is the snail shaped region in the inner ear called and why is it coiled?
Cochlea and to save space
56
When sound travels into the ear what does the stapes push on?
membraneous labyrinth aka the oval window
57
How does the two windows in the cochlea act as a water balloon?
When pressure is pushed into the oval window by the stapes the round window bulges like squeezing one side of a water balloon.
58
When pressure is pushed on the oval window and the round window bulges what have been created inside the cochlea?
a pressure wave
59
What is the path of energy through the vertebrate ear?
pressure wave in air--> transduce to mechanical signal by vibrating tympanic membrane--> modified to movement of bone--> force exerted by bone transduced into pressure wave passes into fluid and cochlear region--> bulging occurs at round window
60
How do you get the signal from inner ear to sensory structure?
Hair cells lined up all along the basilar membrane. Another structure called the tactorial membrane is fixed, rigid and stiff and does not move on top of hair cells. When sound comes through pressure wave is generated and will vibrate the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane vibrates it will cause the hair cells to move and that send the signal to the brain.
61
The basilar membrane is tonal topic. What does that mean?
The basilar membrane is not uniform across its length. Progression of structure that start out stiff and get loose that add different ares of rigidity
62
Describe the cochlea and the basilar membrane in regards to a clown blown long balloon.
The cochlea loops back on itself. Two compartments one on top and one on bottom and the basilar membrane is in between like a clown long balloon folded on top of itself then it is coiled like a snail shell.
63
What type of sound does it take to vibrate the basilar membrane that is close to the oval window?
High frequency aka high energy
64
Low frequency sounds will vibrate the basilar membrane further into the cochlea, WHy?
Because the basilar membrane is tonal topic and starts out extremely stiff so only high frequency sounds can vibrate it lower frequency sounds must travel further into the cochlea to where the basilar membrane is not as stiff in order to make it vibrate.
65
As we get older what type of sounds do we lose?
high frequency sounds

Comparative Exam 2 (5 decks)

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