Auditory Flashcards

(29 cards)

1
Q

Human speech intensity

A

65dB

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2
Q

Frequency

A

10-20,000Hz

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3
Q

What occurs in the middle ear?

A

air pressure waves are converted to mechanical energy via tympanic membrane and ossicles

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4
Q

Tube responsible for connecting ear with nasopharynx

A

Eustachian tube (site of infections known as otitis media)

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5
Q

Function of tensor tympani

A

pressure regulator; stretched in loud environment (innervated by CN 5)

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6
Q

Function of stapedius

A

purely reflexive, contracts to dampen very loud sounds by pulling on neck of stapes to control amplitude of sound (innervated by 7)

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7
Q

What can you see past the tympanic membrane?

A

CN 7 and malleus

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8
Q

Two components of inner ear

A

cochlea and vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, etc)

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9
Q

Perilymph

A

fluid in bony labyrinth

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10
Q

Endolymph

A

fluid in membranous labyrinth; has very little protein and very low sodium concentration; carries a charge of +80mV

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11
Q

Three routs of pressure wave transduction to inner ear

A

1) Air (poor)
2) Osseous (vibration of bone in skull - mastoid and petrous - still poor) called bone conduction
3) Ossicular (EFFICIENT) directly couples inner and outer ear; called air conduction

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12
Q

What makes up the cochlea?

A

scala vestibuli (connected to oval window), helicotrema (apex), and scala tympani (connected to round window)

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13
Q

What secretes endolymph?

A

stria vascularis

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14
Q

What is cochlea contained within?

A

the modiolus

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15
Q

What structure is between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

A

Cochlear duct (scala media)
Reisner’s membrane separates it from scala vestibuli from above
Basilar membrane separates it from scala tympani from below

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16
Q

Where is the basilar membrane the widest?

A

helicotrema (the apex)

low pitches heard here

17
Q

Where is the basilar membrane the stiffest?

A

at the base

highest pitches are heard here

18
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

site of transduction of pressure waves on the hair cells - sits on the basilar membrane

19
Q

Function of outer hair cells

A
  • displacement sensitive
  • used to modulate the tectorial membrane (ONLY receptors directly modified by CNS and can tune themselves to respond by becoming longer and shorter)
  • 10 hair cells per bipolar cell
20
Q

Function of inner hair cells

A
  • velocity sensitive
  • short and stiff and used to detect sound; NOT modified by CNS
  • each are innervated by 10 bipolar cells
21
Q

What does bending of the hair cells TOWARDS kinocilium do?

A

depolarizes and opens K+ ion channels

22
Q

What does bending of hair cells AWAY from kinocilium do?

A

hyperpolarizes and closes K+ channels decreasing release of neurotransmitter

23
Q

What is the “Tonotopic Map?”

A

map of basilar membrane where different frequencies resonate along it. Info is carried to CNS (like cochlear nuclei, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, cerebral cortex, and Heschel’s gyrus)

24
Q

Where is hearing bilateral?

A

past cochlear nuclei

25
What is phase locking?
what is done to achieve temporal resolution (first pushes when sound starts then pulls back)
26
What is the interaural difference?
the delay between when a sound is heard in one ear and the other
27
Name of the auditory area of the cortex?
Heschl's gyrus
28
Stroke in Wernicke's area
failure to comprehend auditory signals (either visual or spoken) Word salad
29
Stroked in Broca's area
failure to produce speech (loss of input to motor cortex) | Broca = boca problems