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Neuro Block 6 > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

External ear

A

Pinna and external auditory meatus

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2
Q

What does the external ear do

A

Funnel directing sound waves and localized sound

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3
Q

Significance of the child’s external ear

A

It’s is situated more horizontal. Inflammation hard to drain, more ear infections

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4
Q

An air filled space in the temporal bone that is interposed between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear structures

A

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

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5
Q

What are the three bones in the tympanic membrane that transmit sound?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

What does the cochlea contain

A
  • fluid filled membranous labyrinth
  • organ of corti
  • neurons of the spinal ganglion with their peripheral and central axonal branches
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7
Q

What is the hearing receptor?

A

Organ of corti in the cochlea

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8
Q

The membranous cochlea, the coiled portion of the inner ear is encased in

A

Osseous cochlea

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9
Q

The central chamber of the membranous cochlea is the cochlear duct, also called the

A

Scala media

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10
Q

What is scala media filled with

A

Endolymph

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11
Q

Above the scala media is the ___________, positioned to communicate with the vestibule, the portion of the membranous inner ear between the oval window and the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli

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12
Q

How does the fluid move in the ear

A

Stapes to scala vestibuli to helicotrema to scala tympani

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13
Q

Below the scala media, the ________ ends at the round window, which separates this space from the middle ear cavity

A

Scala tympani

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14
Q

What is filled with perilymph

A

Scala vestibulie and scala tympani

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15
Q

Where do the scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate

A

Helicotrema

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16
Q

In cross section, the scala media is bounded by

A
  • the basilar membrane below
  • the vestibular membrane above
  • the stria vascularis externally
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17
Q

What defines sound frequency/intensity? Turns sound to electrical signal

A

Organ or corti

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18
Q

Where does the organ of corti sit

A

Rests on the basilar membrane

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19
Q

What is the organ of corti composed of

A

Inner and outer hair cells, supporting cells and the tectorial membrane

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20
Q

What are the inner and outer hair cells separated by in the organ or corti?

A

The tunnel of corti

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21
Q

What does the organ of corti synapse with

A

Cochlear nerve

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22
Q

Inner hairs of the organ of corti

A

Form a single line spiraling from base to apex

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23
Q

Outer hair cells of the organ of corti

A

Form the parallel lines that follow the same course as the inner hair cells

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24
Q

The endolymph as a high cxn of what ion

A

K

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25
What kind of environment do the hair cells reside in
High potassium since they are surrounded by endolymph
26
What are inner hair cells extrmely sensitive to?
Transducers that convert the mechanical force applied to the hair bundle into an electrical signal
27
Mechanical movement of the hair cells
Hair cells pushing will open the K+ channels, depolarixing the cell
28
What creates a force that drives the K into the cell
The potential difference between the endolymph and the hair cell interior
29
Hair cell depolarization
Voltage-gated calcium channels at the base of the cell open, and the resulting influx of calcium causes synaptic vessicles to fuse to the cell membrnae and to release glutamate into the synaptic cleft between the hair cell and the cochlear nerve fibers
30
What causes depolarization of the afferent fiber?
The transmitter, and an action potential is transmitted along the cochlear nerve fiber
31
Damage to the stria vascularis
Results in loss of the endolymph attic potential and failure of mechanoelectrical transduction
32
In the cochlea, the pressure from the compression of the perilymph imparts motion to the
Basilar membrane, causing a wave to travel along it
33
Where is the basilar membrane stiffest?
At its base and becomes more flexible towards the tip
34
High frequency wavelengths in the basilar membrane
Displacement close to the base
35
Low frequencies in the basal membrame
Apex displaced
36
Basilar membrane and aging
It stiffens beingning at the base, hence we first lose high pitched tones first
37
Where do the cochlear cell bodies lie
The spiral ganglion
38
Transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain
Vestibulocochlear nerve
39
What are the two major divions of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Cochlear nerve | Vestibular nerve
40
How does the cochlear nerve travel way from the cochlea?
As it travels away from the cochlea of the inner ear, it starts as the spiral ganglion
41
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the brainstem
At the pontomedullary junction just lateral to the facial nerve
42
How does the vestibulocochlear nerve travel
In the subarachnoid space to enter the internal auditory meatus together with the facial nerve and travels in the auditory canal of the petrous temporal bone to reach the cochlea and vestibular organs
43
Where are the poster cochlear nucleus and the anterior cochlear nucleus located
Partially on the surface of the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction
44
Is the cochlear nerve unilateral or bilateral?
Bilateral. Can compensate for one sided deficit. No hearing loss after stroke
45
All fibers in the cochlear nerve synapse in the
Cochlear nuclei
46
As cochlear information ascends it is distributed through multiple parallel pathways that ultimately converge in the
Inferior colliculus
47
From the midbrain, auditory information is conveyed from the inferior colliculus by its brachium to the ________________ of the thalamus and then through the internal sapsule to the auditory cortex
Medial geniculate nucleus
48
Where is the auditory cortex located
In the transverse gyri of the temporal lobe (Gyri of Herschl). Two of them are buried in the lateral sulcus
49
Injury to elements of the peripheral apparatus, such as the ear ossicles or the tympanic membrane
Conductive deafness
50
Damage to the eighth crainial nerve (tumor) may result in
Sensorineural deafness
51
What is Rinne test based on
Air and bone conductance
52
What does Rinne test screen for
Presence of conductive hearing loss
53
Normal hearing air and bone conductance
AC>BC
54
Abnormal conductive hearing during Rinne test
AC
55
If the Rinne test is normal is it positive or negative?
Positive
56
What is Webber test based on
Bone conductance only
57
What does Webber test screen for
Sensorineural hearing loss
58
Normal hearing during Webber test
No lateralization, bone conducts the vibration of the fork equally to both cochlea
59
Abnormal sensorineural hearing in Webber test
Lateralization to opposite ear. Bone conductance is still equal, but the auditory nerve damage prevents the patient from "hearing" the tuning fork vibration on the affected side
60
Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and Rinne test
Rinne test will appear "normal" but the patient will hear the fork for much shorter time compared to the unaffected ear
61
Weber test and both auditory nerves are damaged
No lateralization because nerve conductance is equally diminished, Weber test is useless

Neuro Block 6 (8 decks)

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