Auditory System Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
The external ear is basically made up of these 3 structures:
A
auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
2
Q
The middle ear is basically made up of these 4 structures:
A
inner ear bones, oval window, round window, auditory tube (eustatian tube)
3
Q
The oval window is _______ in relation to the round window
A
superior
4
Q
The ______ of the external ear is made up of stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized), hair follicles, and elastic cartilage (with elastic fibers)
A
auricle
5
Q
The auricle is made up of these 2 major structural areas:
A
perichondrium peripherally, elastic cartilage interior
6
Q
The ______ of the external ear is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, hair follicles, ceruminous glands, elastic cartilage, and temporal bone
A
external acoustic meatus
7
Q
Ceruminous glands of the external acoustic meatus are found ______ to the hair follicles
A
deep
8
Q
The main structural components of the external acoustic meatus are these 2:
A
elastic cartilage, temporal bone
9
Q
The epithelium of the ________ of the middle ear is pseudostratified respiratory epithelium
A
auditory tube
10
Q
The 2 identifying characteristics of the _______ of the middle ear are pseudostratified respiratory epithelium and numerous goblet cells
A
auditory tube
11
Q
The main structural components of the auditory tube of the middle ear are:
A
bone and fibrocartilage
12
Q
Otitis media, inflammation of the middle ear, affects the _________, and can cause ________, ______, or _______
A
tympanic membrane, facial nerve palsy, ruptured tympanic membrane, scarred auditory ossicles
13
Q
The external portion of the tympanic membrane is called ________ and is lined with ________ epithelium
A
the cuticular layer, stratified squamous epithelium
14
Q
The external portion of the tympanic membrane (cuticular layer) is derived from ______
A
ectoderm
15
Q
The middle layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ______ and is made up of _______. It is derived from _________
A
fibrous layer, collagen II and III, mesoderm
16
Q
The inner layer of the tympanic membrane is called the ________ and is made of _______ derived from ______
A
mucous layer, cuboidal cells, endoderm
17
Q
These 3 nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus:
A
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibular nerve
18
Q
The _______ surrounds the bony modiolus and houses the spiral ganglion
A
spiral lamina
19
Q
The internal spaces of the oval window, round window, and cochlear duct are these 3 respectively:
They are all filled with perilymph
A
scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media
20
Q
The ______ is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in internal ear of neurons with axons in VIII
A
spiral ganglion
21
Q
The dendrites of the _______ synapse in the organ of corti
A
spiral ganglion
22
Q
The internal ear is supplied by the _______ artery, a branch of _______
A
labyrinthine artery, AICA
23
Q
In the image of organ of corti, the ________ is just superior to the vestibular membrane, and the ________ is just inferior to the basilar membrane
A
scala vestibuli, scala tympani
24
Q
The _______ is the membrane that the organ of corti is parallel to
A
basillar membrane
25
In the super close-up histological image of the organ of corti, the cell bodies of CN VIII neurons are ______ of the organ of corti, and look like ______
left, grapes
26
In the totally green close-up histological image of the organ of corti, the brighter areas are:
CMV tagged with fluorescent protein
27
_____ is the leading non-genetic cause of hearing loss for infants born in the U.S.
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
28
The ________ transmits sound vibrations to the outer hair cells of the organ of corti
tectorial membrane
29
The CNS, PNS, epidermis, and connective tissues of the head are derived from _______
ectoderm
30
The muscles, connective tissues of the body and limbs, vessels, and viscera are derived of ______
mesoderm
31
The epithelium of the GI tract, respiratory system, and urinary bladder are derived from ______
endoderm
32
The middle ear is an evagination of the ________
respiratory system
33
The _______ forms from cells of the otic vesicle wall and migrating neural crest cells
statoacoustic ganglion (eventually forms the vestibular and cochlear ganglia)
34
The dorsal component of the otic vesicle forms the ______, _______, and _______
utricle, semicircular ducts, endolymphatic duct
35
The ventral component of the otic vesicle forms the _______ and _______
saccule, cochlear duct
36
The _______ surrounding the cochlear duct eventually separates it from the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
mesenchyme
37
The mesenchyme of the cochlear duct separates the duct from the scala vestibuli and scala tympani at ____ weeks
10 weeks
38
By 5 months the _______ and ______ form in the cochlear duct
neuroepithelial cells, tectorial membrane
39
The ______ and ______ middle ear ossicles are formed from arch 1
malleus, incus
40
The ______ layer of the tympanic membrane is derived from ectodermal epithelium
cuticular layer
41
high frequencies activate near the _____ of the cochlea, low frequencies activate near the ______
base, apex
42
During development, BMP7 is higher at the _____ of the cochlea (where low frequencies are sensed)
apex
43
______ frequencies are sensed far away from the stapes and oval window
low
44
The ______ is the time between two peaks of a pure tone
period
45
The _______ is the distance a sound wave travels during a period
wavelength
46
The interaural time difference (D2-D1)/V can be used to localize _________
low-frequency sounds
47
The interaural (difference between sounds detected at either ear) intensity difference is used to localize _______
high-frequency sounds
48
The ________ is included in the organ of corti and the supporting cells are called _______
tectorial membrane, phalangeal cells
49
There are 3-4 rows of _______ cells as part of the organ of corti, and only 1 row of ______ cells
outer hair cells, inner hair cells
50
_______ , part of the organ of corti, cannot regenerate
hair cells
51
Cell bodies of cochlear afferent neurons are in the ________
spiral ganglion
52
________, part of the organ of corti, are unmyelinated
cochelar afferent neurons
53
The ______ is responsible for maintaining the ionic composition of endolymph through selective secretion and absorption of ions
stria vascularis
54
The endolymph of the _______ is similar to intracellular fluid
scala media
55
The perilymph of the _________ and ________ is similar to cerebrospinal fluid, it has high concentration of Na+ for neuron viability
scala vestibuli, scala tympani
56
The perilymph of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani is also found in the ______ and _______
tunnel of corti, basal end of hair cells
57
________ between hair cells separates endolymph from perilymph
tight junctions
58
______ cells in organ of corti are supporting cells of hair cells
phalangeal cells
59
______ are the sensory receptors for sound stimuli
inner hair cells
60
________ alter the mechanics of basilar membrane of organ of corti by changing length
outer hair cells
61
_______ of organ of corti increase the sensitivity of cochlear afferent neurons conveying information
outer hair cells
62
The _______ of the organ of corti is made up of the processes of phalangeal cells
reticular lamina
63
As hair cells depolarize, ________ channels open at the base of these hair cells and glutamate is released
voltage-gated calcium channels
64
The ______ membrane is found between the tectorial membrane and rest of organ of corti
reticular membrane
65
The bipolar neurons of the spiral ganglion are:
Type I cochlear afferent neurons and Type II cochlear afferent neurons
66
________ afferent neurons respond to a narrow frequency range (high precision)
Type I cochlear afferent neurons
67
Most of the afferent neurons in the cochlea are:
Type I cochlear afferent neurons
68
_______ respond to a wide frequency range (low precision)
Type II cochlear afferent neurons
69
_______ neurons synapse with over 10 outer hair cells each
type II cochlear afferent neurons
70
Both increased firing of and increased number of firing cochlear afferent neurons increases _______
intensity of sound
71
lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons synapse with ________
type I cochlear afferent neurons
72
medial olivocochlear efferent neurons synapse with _______
outer hair cells
73
The ________ of a type I cochlear afferent neuron is the frequency it detects with the lowest threshold intensity
characteristic frequency
74
Sound detected by cochlear afferent neurons with cell bodies in spiral ganglion are transmitted via the _______ nerve to the ________
vestibulocochlear nerve, ipsilateral dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
75
The cochlear nuclei reside in the ________ of the medulla
restiform body
76
Second order neurons of the auditory pathway have their cell bodies in ________
cochlear nuclei of the restiform body of the medulla
77
Axons of cochlear nuclei project to the ________ and _________ of the ______
trapezoid, lateral lemniscus, pons
78
Neurons in cochlear nuclei have axons that project to the _______ and to the _______
trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus
79
Axons of second order neurons of the auditory pathway that travel in the lateral lemniscus ____________
project bilaterally to left and right inferior colliculi of the midbrain
80
Axons in both the ______ and the _______ project bilaterally to the inferior colliculi of the midbrain
trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus
81
Cell bodies of neurons in the inferior colliculi project directly to the ______ and also send axons laterally through the ________ to synapse on the ________
ipsilateral MGN of the thalamus, commissure of inferior colliculus, contralateral MGN of the thalamus
82
______ division of the MGN of thalamus is involved in complex feature detection of sounds
anterior division
83
The _______ division of the MGN of thalamus is involved in conveying information about moving or novel stimuli
posterior division
84
Axons of the MGN of thalamus project to the primary auditory cortex through the _________ as auditory radiation
sublenticular limb of the internal capsule
85
The area where axons of MGN travel is supplied by _________ (artery)
lenticulostriate arteries
86
The MGN of the thalamus is adjacent to the ________ and the _______
pulvinar nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus
87
The _______ artery supplies the MGN as well as most of the posterior thalamus
thalamogeniculate artery of PCA
88
The _______ and _______ of the thalamus send projections to the primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2)
VPL, VPM
89
The _____ of the thalamus projects to the primary somatomotor cortex (4)
VL
90
The VL of the thalamus is supplied by the ________ artery
thalamoperforating artery
91
The VPL and VPM of the thalamus are supplied by the __________ artery
thalamogeniculate artery
92
The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann area _____
41
93
The primary auditory cortex includes the ________ and _________
insula, transverse temporal gyri
94
The primary auditory cortex is a __________ area and receives axons from the ________ of the MGN
heterotypical granular area, anterior division
95
The primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41) is located in the _________
anterior transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl
96
The secondary auditory cortex receives axons from the _________
posterior division of MGN
97
The secondary auditory cortex is Brodmann area ____
42
98
The secondary auditory cortex is located in the _________
posterior transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl
99
The primary auditory is ______ in relation to the secondary auditory cortex and is directly adjacent to the ______
anterior, central sulcus
100
The _____ is anterior to the primary and secondary auditory cortices
insula
101
The auditory association cortex are Brodman areas:
22, 39, 40, 44, 45
102
The auditory association cortex is located in the _________ and contains _________
superior temporal gyrus, Wernike’s area
103
Damage to the ________ gyrus affects language comprehension (SPEECH)
superior temporal gyrus
104
The auditory association cortex (brodmann areas 39 and 40) is located in the __________ of _______
angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe
105
Damage to __________ affects language comprehension (reading and writing)
angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe
106
The angular and supramarginal gyri of parietal lobe are Brodmann area(s):
30, 40
107
The auditory association cortex of Brodman areas 44 and 45 is located in the _______
inferior frontal gyrus
108
The _________ projects to the inferior frontal gyrus portion of the auditory association cortex
arcuate fasciculus
109
Damage to the inferior frontal gyrus affects the _______ and causes _____________
Broca’s area, nonfluent speech with comprehension spared
110
The inner ear and cochlear nuclei are supplied by the _______ artery
labyrinthine artery (AICA)
111
The inferior colliculus is supplied by the _______ artery
quadrigeminal (branch of SCA) artery
112
The primary auditory cortex and auditory radiation are both supplied by the _______
MCA inferior trunk
113
The ________ supplies the inferior temporal optic radiation (including Meyer’s Loop), the primary auditory cortex, and auditory radiation
MCA inferior trunk
114
The descending pathway from the auditory cortex projects to the _________ which projects to the ________
inferior colliculus, superior olivary complex
115
The superior olivary complex contains _________ neurons and _______ neurons
lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons, medial olivococohlear efferent neurons
116
Lateral olivocochlear efferent neurons project __________
ipsilaterally to type I cochlear afferent neurons
117
medial olivocochlear efferent neurons project ___________
bilaterally to synapse directly on outer hair cells
118
The monaural pathway of auditory pathway is:
routed to the contralateral side
119
The __________ is handled by central pathways that compare differences between sounds at both ears
binaural pathway
120
The _________ pathway contributes to complex feature detection and only has one decussation at the ________
monaural pathway, posterior acoustic stria
121
The posterior acoustic stria only project directly from the ________
anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei in the medulla
122
The binaural pathway decussates from only the anterior cochlear nucleus at the _______
trapezoid body in the pons and medulla
123
After decussation, the monaural pathway travels through the _______ to the inferior colliculus
lateral lemniscus
124
After decussation, the binaural pathway travels in the _________ and the _______ before reaching the inferior colliculus
superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus
125
The posterior acoustic stria is located in the ______
medulla
126
The trapezoid body crosses the ________ in the pons
facial nerve
127
The auditory cortex is at the level of the ________
corpus callosum
128
high tones are sensed at the _____ of the basilar membrane in cochlea, while low tones are sensed at the ______
base, apex
129
high tones are sent to the ______ primary auditory cortex, while low tones are sent to the ________ side
medial, lateral
130
Interaural time difference is important for localizing ______ sounds
low-frequency
131
interaural intensity difference is important in localizing _______ sounds
high-frequency
132
The _______ receives bilateral auditory input and is important for localizing sounds
superior olivary nuclei
133
The afferent limb of the reflex that orients the head, eyes, and body to novel sounds includes these 4 structures:
lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, secondary auditory cortex, superior colliculus
134
The efferent limb of the reflex that orients the head, eyes, and body to a novel sound:
tectobulbospinal neurons from superior colliculus activate PPRF and reticular formation
135
The _______ is activated for orientation of the head during the reflex that orients the head to novel sound
sternocleidomastoid muscle
136
The acoustic startle reflex afferent limb uses the _______ cortex
secondary auditory cortex
137
The afferent limb of the acoustic startle reflex involves the lateral lemniscus, _________, ________, and finally the superior colliculus
inferior colliculus, secondary auditory cortex
