Authors and their viewpoint

Question 1

Author(s)

Answer 1

Theory or Viewpoint

Question 2

Normann Graebner and Edward Bennet

Answer 2

Peace in the 1920s rests on the weakness of Japan, Russia, and Germany

Question 3

Dr. Photiadou

Answer 3

Great Depression as a catalyst for war/instability

Question 4

Robert Boyce and Joseph A. Maiolo

Answer 4

Reactions to crisis differ: fascist/militarist states use scapegoating + reduce foreign economic exchange; liberal states curtail defense spending + focus on domestic trade

Question 5

Robert Boyce and Joseph A. Maiolo

Answer 5

Great Depression not the sole cause of appeasement or WWII outbreak

Question 6

Marxist historians (on Japan)

Answer 6

Japan in the 1930s had fascist elements

Question 7

Western historians (on Japan)

Answer 7

Japan was not a fascist state—lacked a charismatic leader and a one-party system

Question 8

Peter Lowe

Answer 8

Historians generally agree that Emperor Hirohito was not an extremist

Question 9

Timothy Naftali and Aleksandr Fursenko (on Cuba)

Answer 9

Cuban Missile Crisis was an effort to alter the balance of power

Question 10

Raymond L. Garthoff (on Cuba)

Answer 10

Cuban Missile Crisis aimed to redress balance of power as perceived by Soviet presidium

Question 11

Sergo Mikoyan (on Cuba)

Answer 11

Soviet intervention aimed to help Cuba/prevent U.S. invasion

Question 12

Sergo Mikoyan (on Cuba)

Answer 12

USSR intended to inform U.S. about missiles via private diplomacy

Question 13

Raymond L. Garthoff (on diplomacy)

Answer 13

Disputes Sergo Mikoyan’s claim—argues USSR wanted public announcement

Question 14

MAD not Marx: Khrushchev and the nuclear revolution

Answer 14

Khrushchev believed in never fighting a nuclear war—provoked crises but backed down

Question 15

Sergo Mikoyan (on Berlin)

Answer 15

Khrushchev used Berlin as a strategic card post-1958—not a core priority; Berlin would have been targeted in case of invasion

Question 16

Raymond L. Garthoff (on Berlin)

Answer 16

Checkpoint Charlie tank face-off in 1961 was final major Berlin crisis moment—not directly linked to Cuba

Question 17

Timothy Naftali and Aleksandr Fursenko (on Khrushchev)

Answer 17

Khrushchev considered tactical nuclear weapons during high-stress moments like Kennedy’s speech

Question 18

Nigel Ashton (on Suez)

Answer 18

UK and US opposed Nasser; UK wanted to topple him, US aimed to weaken him

Question 19

Nigel Ashton (on nationalization)

Answer 19

Nationalization of Suez Canal Company seen as existential threat by UK

Question 20

Many historians (on Soviet report)

Answer 20

Soviet intelligence report of Israeli troops at Syrian border was fabricated

Question 21

Zachary Karabell

Answer 21

US supported Saddam Hussein publicly until Kuwait invasion in 1990

Question 22

Nigel Ashton and Ahsan Butt

Answer 22

Tony Blair genuinely believed in existence of Iraqi WMDs

Question 23

Ahsan Butt

Answer 23

U.S. hegemony widely accepted before 9/11; post-9/11 was about regaining dominance

Question 24

Joseph Stieb

Answer 24

Critiques two dominant Iraq War schools (security vs. hegemony) as overly simplistic

Question 25

Nigel Ashton

Answer 25

US and UK aimed for regime change in Iraq between 1991 and 2003

Question 26

Security vs. Hegemony debate (various authors)

Answer 26

Discusses two schools of thought on U.S. intervention; Saddam's pre-1991 actions also blamed for his downfall