Autoimmunity

Question 1

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 1

• bone marrow
• thymus

Question 2

secreted antibodies bind to extracellular microbes which promotes their ingestion by _______ cells

Answer 2

• phagocytic

Question 3

what enhances the microbe-killing abilities of phagocytic cells (macrophages)

Answer 3

• helper T cells

Question 4

what type of cell recruits leukocytes to destroy microbes and strengthen epithelial barrier function to expel microbes

Answer 4

• helper T cells

Question 5

what cell type destroys cells infected by microbes that are inaccessible to antibodies

Answer 5

• CTLs

Question 6

what cell types suppress activated T cells to down regulate the adaptive response

Answer 6

• regulatory T cells

Question 7

most cytokines are produced by what type of cell

Answer 7

• T helper lymphocytes

Question 8

what are the acute-phase response cytokines

Answer 8

• TNF
• IL-1
• IFN-gamma
• IL-6

Question 9

IL-1 affect on T cells

Answer 9

• Th 17 differentiation

Question 10

action of IFN-gamma

secreted by

Answer 10

• activation of macrophages
• NK cells
• T lymphocytes (Cd4 and Cd8)

Question 11

action of IL-6

Answer 11

• synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver

Question 12

action of IL-2

Answer 12

• T cell proliferation
• regulatory T cells survival

Question 13

action of IL-4

secreted by

Answer 13

• B cell switching to IgE
• Cd4 T cells
• mast cells

Question 14

action of IL-5

secreted by

Answer 14

• activation of eosinophils

-Cd4 T cells
- mast cells
- innate cells

Question 15

action of IL-17

secreted by

Answer 15

• stimulate acute inflammation
• Cd4 T cels

Question 16

action of IL-22

secreted by

Answer 16

• maintenance of epithelial barrier function
• Cd4 T cells
• NK cells

Question 17

action of TGF-beta

secreted by

Answer 17

• inhibition T cell activation
• help T regs differentiate
• Cd4 T cells

Question 18

what cytokines are present in both innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 18

• IFN-gamma
• TGF-beta

Question 19

which class of helper T cells produces IFN-gamma

• what about IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
• what about IL-17, IL-22

Answer 19

• Th1
• Th2
• Th17

Question 20

CXCL2 (MIP-2) recruits what cells

Answer 20

• naive T cells

Question 21

CCL2 (MCP-1) recruits what cells

Answer 21

• macrophages

Question 22

which cytokine supports the growth of multi-lineage bone marrow stem cells

Answer 22

• IL-3

Question 23

what promotes the production of colonies of the different leukocytes in the bone marrow and enhances their activity

Answer 23

• colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Question 24

what cytokine plays a role in the survival and proliferation of immature B lymphocytes and T lymphocyte precursors

Answer 24

• IL-7

Question 25

what antibodies are involved in type III HS

Answer 25

- IgG and IgM

Question 26

Type I diabetes is what type of hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 26

- Type IV (T-cell mediated)

Question 27

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is the delayed type

Answer 27

- Type IV

Question 28

where does positive selection of T cells occur? what occurs?

Answer 28

- cortex of thymus - double positive CD4/CD8 T cells must react to self MCH protein

Question 29

where does negative selection of T cells occur? what occurs?

Answer 29

- medulla of thymus - must NOT react to self peptides on MHC molecules - deletes possible auto-reactive T cells

Question 30

what are antigens that induce tolerance

Answer 30

- tolerogens

Question 31

two mechanisms for central T lymphocyte tolerance

Answer 31

- deletion - development of regulatory T cells

Question 32

cell surface markers for regulatory T lymphocytes

Answer 32

- Cd3/4/25

Question 33

what cell requires transcription factor FoxP3 for function

Answer 33

- regulatory t cells

Question 34

expression of regulatory T cells induced by

Answer 34

- TGF-beta

Question 35

mechanisms for peripheral T lymphocyte tolerance

Answer 35

- anergy - functional unresponsiveness - suppression - block in activation - deletion - apoptosis

Question 36

central tolerance is induced by _____ (mature/immature) lymphocytes encountering antigens in _________

Answer 36

- immature - generative, central lymphoid organs

Question 37

peripheral tolerance induced by ______ (mature/immature) lymphocytes encountering antigens in _______

Answer 37

- mature - peripheral tissues

Question 38

3 requirements for autoimmunity to occur

Answer 38

- individual must express MHC molecules - must produce T and B cells that have receptors that recognize self antigens - must be environmental factors that lead to breakdown of tolerance mechanisms