AUTOMATION

Question 1

Distance between two successive peaks

Answer 1

Wavelength

Question 2

Visible spectrum

Answer 2

400-700nm

Question 3

Ultraviolet

Answer 3

<400 nm

Question 4

> 700 nm

Answer 4

Infrared region

Question 5

Used to check wavelength accuracy

Answer 5

Didymium or Holmium oxide Filter

Question 6

Verify absorbance accuracy

Answer 6

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

Question 7

Beer Lambert’s Law

Answer 7

A= abc = 2–log %T

A: molar absorptivity
B:length of light through the solution
C: concentration of absorbing molecules
T:transmittance

Question 8

One-point calculation or calibration

Answer 8

Beer-Lambert’s Law

Question 9

Measurement of light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration

Answer 9

Spectrophotometry

Question 10

Provide Polychromatic light

Answer 10

Light/Radiant Source

Question 11

Minimizes unwanted or stray

light; prevents entrance of scattered light

Answer 11

Entrance slit

Question 12

Isolates specific or individual

wavelength of light

Answer 12

Monochromator

Question 13

Controls the width of light beam

bandpass

Answer 13

Exit slit

Question 14

Holds the solution whose

concentration is to be measured

Answer 14

Cuvet

Question 15

Detects and converts transmitted

light into photoelectric energy

Answer 15

Photodetector

Question 16

Displays output of the detection system

Answer 16

Meter/Read-out device

Question 17

Simple type; designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

Answer 17

Single beam spectrophotometer

Question 18

Splits monochromatic light into two components: one beam passes through the sample and the other through a reference solution or blank

Answer 18

Double beam spectrophotometer

Question 19

2 photodetectors

Answer 19

Double-beam in space

Question 20

1 photodetector and 1 chopper or rotating sector mirror

Answer 20

Double beam in time

Question 21

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

Measures light emitted by single atom burned in flame; measures excited ions (Na+ and K+)

Answer 21

Flame Emission Photometry

Question 22

Element is not excited but merely dissociated from its chemical bond and placed in an unionized, unexcited ground state

Measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat; measures unexcited trace metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+)

Answer 22

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Question 23

Metals measured by AAS

Answer 23

Ca2+ and Mg2+

Question 24

Ions measured by Flame Emission Photometry

Answer 24

Na+ and K+

Question 25

Unknown sample is made to react with known solution in the presence of an indicator

Answer 25

Titrimetric (Volumetric)

Question 26

For chloride

Answer 26

Schales and schales

Question 27

For Calcium

Answer 27

Edta titration

Question 28

Determines the amount of light blocked by a particulate matter in a turbid solution Used in measuring proteins and bacterial suspensions

Answer 28

Turbidimetry

Question 29

Determines amount of scattered light by a particulate matter in a turbid solution Used in measuring antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 29

Nephelometry

Question 30

Migration of charged particles in an electric field Separates proteins on the basis of electrical charge

Answer 30

Electrophoresis

Question 31

Buffer used in electrophoresis

Answer 31

Veronal/Barbital (pH. 8.6)

Question 32

Measure absorbance of stain Scans and quantifies electrophoretic pattern; measures concentration of dye and protein fraction

Answer 32

Densitometry

Question 33

Migration through pH gradient Ideal for separating proteins of identical sizes but with different net charges;detects CSF oligoclonal banding

Answer 33

Isoelectric Focusing

Question 34

Created by adding acidic to anodic area and base to the cathode area

Answer 34

pH Gradient

Question 35

Separation of soluble components based on physical and chemical characteristics

Answer 35

Chromatography

Question 36

for naturally volatile compounds or easily converted to volatile form

Answer 36

Gas Chromatography

Question 37

based on fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable energy source

Answer 37

Mass spectroscopy

Question 38

gold standard for drug testing

Answer 38

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy

Question 39

Detects 20 inborn errors of metabolism from a single blood spot

Answer 39

Tandem Mass Spectrscopy

Question 40

based on distribution of solutes between a liquid mobile | phase and a stationary phase

Answer 40

Liquid Chromatography

Question 41

used in rapid HbA1c testing

Answer 41

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Question 42

used in detecting non-volatile substances; complementary to GC-MS

Answer 42

Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)

Question 43

Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation Uses 2 monochromators; measures amount of light intensity present over a zero background; affected by quenching

Answer 43

FLUOROMETRY/MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Question 44

Chemical reaction yields electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction; usually used in immunoassays

Answer 44

Chemiluminiscence

Question 45

Based on measuring changes in colligative properties of solutions

Answer 45

Osmometry

Question 46

Most commonly used method

Answer 46

Freezing-point Depression Osmometry

Question 47

Measurement of electrical potential due to free ion activity Use:____

Answer 47

Potentiometry pH and pCO2

Question 48

Measurement of electricity (Coulombs) at fixed potential Use:

Answer 48

Coulometry Use:Chloride Test

Question 49

Measurement of current flow produced by oxidation reaction Use:

Answer 49

Amperometry Use: pO2, Glucose chloride and peroxidase determination

Question 50

Measurement of differences in current at constant voltage Used:

Answer 50

Polarography Use: Specific for pO2 and glucose

Question 51

Measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electromechanical cell Use:

Answer 51

Voltametry Use: Lead and iron testing (Anodic stripping voltametry

Question 52

Samples flow through a common reaction vessel; uses a system of continuous tubing;

Answer 52

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Question 53

Continuous flow analyzer is used for

Answer 53

Parallel Testing

Question 54

Continuous flow analyzer mixing reagent of sample and reagent

Answer 54

Glass coil inserted into the flow path

Question 55

Uses acceleration and deceleration of rotor to transfer reagents and sample from one chamber to another;

Answer 55

Centrifugal Analyzer

Question 56

Centrifugal analyzer is used for

Answer 56

Batch analysis

Question 57

Centrifugal analyzer mixing of sample and reagent

Answer 57

Centrifugal force

Question 58

Uses syringe pipettes (positive-liquid displacement) to aspirate and dispense samples; most versatile and most popular;

Answer 58

Discrete Analyzer

Question 59

Discrete Analyzer is used for

Answer 59

Random access capability

Question 60

Discrete analyzer mixing of sample and reagent

Answer 60

Magnetic driven teflon stirring bar

Question 61

all samples are loaded at the same time and a single test is conducted on each sample

Answer 61

Batch testing

Question 62

more than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen

Answer 62

Parallel testing

Question 63

any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

Answer 63

Random access testing

Question 64

multiple tests are analyzed one after another on a given specimen

Answer 64

Sequential testing

Question 65

a system other than the manufacturer’s reagents can be utilized for measurement

Answer 65

Open reagent testing

Question 66

a system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagent

Answer 66

Closed reagent testing