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Automation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four (4) principles of automation in hematology?

A
  1. Electrical impedance principle
  2. Radiofrequency conductivity
  3. Flow cytometry
  4. Analysis of instrumental data output
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2
Q

What is the electrical impedance principle also called?

A

Coulter principle

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3
Q

State the principle behind electrical impedance.

A

It is the changes in electrical impedance (resistance)
produced by a particle as it passes through a
small aperture.

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4
Q

What is electrical impedance is also referred to as?

A

resistance

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5
Q

Increases or Decreases?

As a diluted suspension of cells is drawn through
the aperture, the passage of each individual cell
momentarily \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the impedance (resistance) of the electrical path between two submerged electrodes that are located on each side of the aperture

A

increases

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6
Q

what is the relationship between the # of pulses generated during a specific period to the # of particles?

A

proportional

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7
Q

True or False

1 resistance = 1 pulse

A

True

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8
Q

True or False

1 resistance = 1 pulse = 1 cell

A

True

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9
Q

In electrical impedance, what indicates the cell’s volume?

a. resistance
b. interruption of current
c. amplitude or magnitude of electrical pulse
d. angle

A

c. amplitude or magnitude of electrical pulse

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10
Q

What device displays the pulses that are generated by the cells as they interrupt the current?

A

Oscilloscope

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11
Q

True or False

When using an oscilloscope, the height of each pulse corresponds the volume of the cell.

A

True

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12
Q

It depicts the volume distribution of the cellscounted.

A

Volume Distribution Histogram

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13
Q

True or False

In a histogram, the size of the voltage pulse is equal to the size/volume of the cells.

A

True

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14
Q

What is the range of the volume threshold for RBC?

A

24-36 fL

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15
Q

What is the range of the volume threshold for WBC?

A

30-35 fL

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16
Q

What is the range of the volume threshold for platelets

A

2-20 fL

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17
Q

Factors that affect volume measurement

A
  1. Aperture diameter
  2. Protein buildup
  3. Coincident passage loss
  4. Orientation of the cell in the center of their aperture
  5. Deformability of the RBC
  6. Recirculation of cells back into the sensing zone
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18
Q

Mechanism of hydrodynamic focusing

A

The sample stream is surrounded by a sheath fluid
as it passes through the central axis of the aperture

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19
Q

In hydrodynamic focusing, what is the purpose of the sheath fluid?

A

It ensures that the cells flow in a single line

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20
Q

In hydrodynamic focusing, explain the purpose of laminar flow to the central sample stream.

A

It allows the central sample stream to narrow sufficiently to separate and align the cells into a single file for it to pass through the sensing zone

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21
Q

Formula for hematocrit determination

A

HCT = (RBC x MCV) / 10

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22
Q

Principle of hematocrit determination

A

Cumulative RBC pulse height detection

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23
Q

Identify if the interference/s causes spurious increase or decrease

unlysed red cells and platelet clumping

WBC

A

spurious increase

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24
Q

Identify if the interference/s causes spurious increase or decrease

monoclonal proteins

WBC

A

spurious increase

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25
# Identify if the interference/s causes **spurious increase or decrease** cryoglobulin, cryofibrinogen, and heparin | WBC
spurious increase
26
# Identify if the interference/s causes **spurious increase or decrease** Nucleated red cells | WBC
spurious increase
27
# Identify if the interference/s causes **spurious increase or decrease** clotting | WBC
spurious decrease
28
# Identify if the interference/s causes **spurious increase or decrease** smudge cells | WBC
spurious decrease
29
# Identify if the interference/s causes **spurious increase or decrease** uremia plus immunosuppressants | WBC
spurious decrease
30
Causes of spurious increase in RBC count | Interference / potential causes of erroneous results in with ACC ## Footnote ACC= automated cell counters
1. cryoglobulin 2. cryofibrinogen 3. giant platelets 4. High WBC (>50 000/mL)
31
Causes of spurious decrease in RBC count | Interference / potential causes of erroneous results in with ACC ## Footnote ACC= automated cell counters
1. autoagglutination 2. clotting 3. hemolysis (in vitro) 4. microcytic red cells
32
Causes of spurious increase in platelet count | Interference / potential causes of erroneous results in with ACC ## Footnote ACC= automated cell counters
1. cryoglobulin 2. cryofibrinogen 3. hemolysis (in vitro and in vivo) 4. microcytic red cells 5. red cell inclusions 6. white cell fragments
33
Causes of spurious decrease in platelet count | Interference / potential causes of erroneous results in with ACC ## Footnote ACC= automated cell counters
1. clotting 2. giant platelets 3. heparin 4. platelet clumping 5. platelet satellitosis
34
This principle of automation is determined using a high-frequency electromagnetic probe that provides information on the cells' internal constituents.
Radiofrequency conductivity
35
It is the resistance to a high voltage electromagnetic current flowing between both electrodes simultaneously
Radiofrequency (RF) resistance
36
# True or False In radiofrequency conductivity, the total volume of the cell is proportional to the change in direct current (DC), the cell interior density is proportional to pulse height or change in the RF signal.
True
37
# What principle of automation? simultaneous measurement of multiple physical characteristics of a single cell as the cell flows in a suspension through a measuring device.
Flow cytometry
38
# True or false In *flow cytometry*, as the cells pass through the sensing zone and interrupt the beam, light is **scattered** in all directions.
True
39
# Describe the relationship In flow cytometry, the # of pulses generated is ________ to the # of cells passing through the sensing zone in a **specific period**.
directly proportional
40
what medium makes the results obtained from flow cytometry superior to impedance because it is more accurate and specific?
Immunoflourescence dye
41
What is the corresponding mechanism of 'threshold' (impedance) in flow cytometry?
Gating
42
# what is being identified with the given angles of light scatter 0° forward angle
cell size
43
# what is being identified with the given angles of light scatter 10° light scatter
Cell structure & complexity
44
# what is being identified with the given angles of light scatter 90° light scatter
Lobularity (granulocyte)
45
# what is being identified with the given angles of light scatter Depolarized 90°
Resolves Eosinophils because of their crystalline granularity
46
It is a *numerical or graphical boundary* that can be used to define the characteristics of particles to include for further analysis
Gate
47
Explain the gating process
It is the process of selecting an area in a scattergram during the flow experiment to be able to decide what will you analyze.
48
In quadrants, we can separate your cells unto four principal populations (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4), describe the expression of the cells in each quadrant.
Q1- cells that are strongly expressing positive color (single positive; either red or blue) Q2 - double positive; it has blue & red Q3- double negative (neither blue & neither red) Q4- single positive same as Q1
49
What does VCS stand for?
Volume, conductivity, and scatter
50
# Identify which factor in VCS technology is described using direct current impedance, the volume of each cell is measured
volume
51
# Identify which factor in VCS technology is described radiofrequency penetrates the cell which generates the data points of cell size and cell internal structure.
Conductivity
52
# Identify which factor in VCS technology is described mid-angle scatter detected by a beam of laser light which generates data about cellular granularity and cell surface structure.
scatter
53
It is a single channel that analyzes approximately 8,000 cells in a near-native condition.
VCS technology
54
In VCS technology, approximately how many cells are analyzed in a near-native condition
approximately 8,000 cells
55
In flow cytometry, what is used to interpret results instead of a histogram?
A scattergram
56
what is the shape and distribution of a histogram
Symmetrical bell-shaped or Gaussian distribution
57
In a histogram, how would you interpret a flattened curve?
Increase in standard deviation
58
In an **erythrocyte histogram**, what is the interpretation if there is another population in the **right bottom threshold**?
The presence of macrocytic RBCs
59
In an **erythrocyte histogram**, what is the interpretation if there is another population in the **left bottom threshold**?
The presence of microcytic RBCs
60
What does MPV stand for?
Mean platelet volume
61
An incease in MPV can denote the presence of __________
giant platelets
62
Disorders associated with a decreased MPV
1. Aplastic anemia 2. Megaloblastic anemia 3. Wiskott-Aldrich sydrome
63
# Decreased or increased MPV After chemotherapy
decreased mpv
64
Disorders associated with an increased MPV
1. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 2. sickle cell anemia
65
# Decreased or increased MPV After splenectomy
increased mpv
66
Abnormal Curve in front of lower discriminator a. AG Flag b. WU Flag c. UD Flag
a. AG Flag
67
Deviation on upper discriminator curve a. AG Flag b. WU Flag c. PU Flag
b. WU Flag
68
This refers to the level at which the machine can measure the particular analyte
Linearity
69
This flag appears when UD exceeds the preset height by > 40% a. AG Flag b. WU Flag c. UD Flag
UD Flag (PU Flag)
70
What causes platelet clumps (2)
1. Clotted sample 2. EDTA-incompatibility
71
What are the possible causes of an abnormal height at the upper discriminator (UD/PU Flag) in a platelet histogram? (3)
1. Platelet clumps 2. Giant platelets 3. Micro RBCs
72
What are included in an electrical impedance report? (4)
1. CBC results 2. Scattergram 3. Histogram 4. Flagging
73
# Intrumental error (negative or positive) excessive lysing of RBC
negative
74
# Intrumental error (negative or positive) bubbles
positive
75
# Intrumental error (negative or positive) extraneous electrical pulses
positive
76
# Intrumental error (negative or positive) aperture plugs
positive
77
what is the most common intrumental error that causes positive results a.excessive lysing of RBC b. bubbles c. aperture plugs d. extraneous electrical pulses
c. aperture plugs
78
what casues aperture plugs
sucking of clotted samples
79
what causes extraneous electrical pulses?
improper grounding

Hematology (1 decks)

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