autonomic nervous system

Question 1

Autonomic nervious system graph

Answer 1

–> direction
{Higher brain centres: [Brain stem nuclei];

Brain stem nuclei: [Visceral afferents, Parasympathetic efferents, Sympathetic efferents];

Visceral afferents: [ENS];

Parasympathetic efferents: [ENS];

Sympathetic efferents: [ENS];

Enteric Nervous system (ENS): [Sensory neurones, Interneurons, Motor neurones]}

Question 2

Walter Cannon

Answer 2

noticed autonomic nervous system

coined the term Homeostasis and fight or flight

Question 3

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 3

• Control smooth muscles, exocrine and endocrine secretions, and metabolic processes
• systems often drive organs in opposite directions
• Systems cooperate to maintain homeostasis
• flight or fight/ rest and digest are extremes
• if one system is inhibited, the other will dominate which can lead to threatening consequences
• Activation depends on experience, context, basal level

Question 4

Parasympathetic receptors

Answer 4

Preganglion: Nicotinic

PostGanglion: muscarinic

Question 5

Sympathetic receptors

Answer 5

PreGanglion: Nicotinic

PostGanglion: Adrenergic

Question 6

Parasympathetic preganglion cell body locations

Answer 6

Medulla(III, VII, IX, X) and sacral spinal cord

-long axon

Question 7

Sympathetic PreGanglioinic cell body locations

Answer 7

Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal cord

-shorter axon

Question 8

Parasympathetic PostGanglionic Cell body locations

Answer 8

In Ganglia near innervated organ or tissue

-short axon

Question 9

Sympathetic postganglionic cell body locations

Answer 9

Paravertebral chain ganglia or abdominal ganglia

-longer axon

Question 10

Parasympathetic neurotransmitters

Answer 10

AcetylCholine

• nicotinic receptors preganglion
• muscarinic receptors postganglion

Question 11

Sympathetic Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Acetylcholine

• muscarinic for sweat glands postganglion
• nicotinic for all preganglion
• goes to adrenal medulla nicotinic receptors to stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine release into blood stream

NorEpinephrine

• Alpha Beta receptors for cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals
• -postganglion

Question 12

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 12

pre and post for parasympathetic and sympathetic

cholinergic
2 alpha and 3 beta subunits

needs 2 ACh molecules

sodium ion channel

Question 13

muscarinic receptors

Answer 13

cholinergic
post tissue for parasympathetic
metabotropic
-deactivates adenylyl cyclase (inhibits cAMP)
-Activates Phospholipase C
-Opens K+ channels

Question 14

alpha and beta receptors

Answer 14

noradrenergic
metabotropic
-activates adenylyl cyclase with g protein and GTP
--uses ATP to make cyclic AMP
---adds to Protein Kinase
----phosphorylates Enzymes
-----cellular response

Question 15

Beta receptor subtypes

Answer 15

1, 2, 3

Question 16

Alpha receptor subtypes

Answer 16

1, 2

Question 17

muscarinic receptor subtypes

Answer 17

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

Question 18

sympathetic heart activation

Answer 18

• Beta1 is the predominant receptor subtype
• Activates cAMP System
• Increases heart rate
• Increases force of contraction

Question 19

Autonomic control of bladder

Answer 19

Beta2- Relaxes Bladder Muscle
Alpha1- Contracts Sphincter Muscle
M3 - Contracts Bladder Muscle
M1- Relaxes Sphincter Muscle

Question 20

Adrenal Gland

Answer 20

resides on kidney
sympathetic activation
Epinephrine 80 %
Norepinephrine 20%
Boosts and coordinates sympathetic nervous system response

Question 21

Catecholamine synthesis

Answer 21

Tyrosine
–Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)

DOPA –Aromatic Amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

Dopamine

Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase (DBH)
Norepinephrine

Question 22

Epinephrine synthesis

Answer 22

Norepinephrine
phenylethanolamine N-methyltranserase
epinephrine

Question 23

Dopaminergic Synapse

Answer 23

• Stored in Synaptic vesicles
• Storage is Reserpine sensitive (Blocks VMAT)
• Release regulated by calcium influx
• Removal from synapse by Reuptake (DAT) and Degradation by MAO and COMT
• Metabotropic receptors: D1, D2, D3, D4
• Release Regulated by D2 Autoreceptors

Question 24

Reserpine

Answer 24

inhibits vesicularization of monoamines

Question 25

MAO

Answer 25

degrades free monoamines Depletes brain of monAmines Decreases blood pressure Precipitates depression

Question 26

Dopamine Degradation | CoMT then MAO

Answer 26

Dopamine -Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) - 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT) - Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Aldehyde dehydrogenase - Homovanillic acid (HVA)

Question 27

Dopamine degradation MAO then COMT

Answer 27

``` Dopamine Monoamine oxidase(MAO) -3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (DOPAC) catchol-O-methyltranserase (COMT) -Homovanillic acid ```

Question 28

Homovanillic acid (HVA)

Answer 28

easier to detect than dopamine.

Question 29

dopamine measurement

Answer 29

spinal tap, MAO, COMT, get that stuff, then youve got a decent idea of how much dopamine -more direct than Homovanillic acid measurement (metabolite)

Question 30

Major Dopaminergic Pathways

Answer 30

Nigrostriatal Mesolimbic Mesocortical Tuberoinfundibular

Question 31

Nigrostriatal Pathway (DA)

Answer 31

substantia nigra to striatum movement -associated with parkinsons DA cell bodies are in the substantia nigra

Question 32

Mesocortical pathway (DA)

Answer 32

Ventral Tegmental Area to Cortex - thinking - disfunction associated with disfunction'

Question 33

Tuberoinfundibular Pathway (DA)

Answer 33

``` Arcuate Nucleus (A12) - Median Eminence - Anterior Pituitary - DA Inhibits Prolactin release ```

Question 34

Noradrenergic Synapse

Answer 34

- Stored in Synaptic Vesicles - Storage is Reserpine Sensitive (Blocks VMAT) - Release caused by calcium influx - Removal from synapse by reuptake (NET) and Degradation by MAO and COMT - Metabotropic Receptors: Alpha and Beta - Release Regulated by Alpha2 autoreceptors

Question 35

Norepinephrine degradation | COMT then MAO

Answer 35

``` Norepinephrine -COMT Normetanephrine -MAO VanillylMandelic acid (VMA) ```

Question 36

NorEpinephrine degradation | MAO then COMT

Answer 36

``` Norepinephrine -MAO Dihydroxymandelic acid -COMT Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) ```

Question 37

epinephrine degradation | COMT then MAO

Answer 37

``` Epinephrine -COMT Metanephrine -MAO VMA ```

Question 38

epinephrine degradation | MAO then COMT

Answer 38

``` Epinephrine -MAO Dihydroxymandelic acid -COMT VMA ```

Question 39

Noradrenergic pathway

Answer 39

NE cell bodies are in the cerebellum