Nicotine

Question 1

Nicotine preperations

Answer 1

cigarettes
-allows for self administration and maintenence of consistent plasma levels
cigars
pipes
e-cigs
smokeless
patches
gums

Question 2

nicotine administration

Answer 2

plant alkaloid
base with pka 8.0
Administration
-inhalation
-Buccal
-Nasal
-Transdermal

Question 3

Nicotine absorbtion

Answer 3

cigarettes
-via lungs (acidic)
cigars/pipes
-via mouth (basic)
smokeless
-via mouth (basic)
patches
-via skin

Question 4

Nicotine biotransformation

Answer 4

Nicotine (half life ~2 hours)
-Cytochrome P450 (CYP2A6)
Cotinine (half life ~ 16 hours)

Question 5

Individual variability in rates of nicotine metabolism

Answer 5

Caucasions > Asians = African-Americans

Females > males

Fast metabolizers consume more

• dependent on level of cytochrome p450 gene
• -metabolizes nicotine

Fast metabolizers less likely to quit

Question 6

nicotinic receptors (ACh)

Answer 6

Agonist action at receptor
-
Receptor Desensitization
-
Receptor upregulation

Question 7

Locations of nicotinic receptors

Answer 7

Brain Neurons
Autonomic Ganglia
Skeletal muscles

Question 8

Brain Choinergic Systems

Answer 8

Ventral Tegmental area

cortex/hippocampus

-review photo in slides

Question 9

Nicotine Acute Cognitive and Physiological effects

Answer 9

arousal
attention
mental acuity
relaxation

increased respiration
anti-diuresis

Question 10

Toxic effects of nicotine

Answer 10

Dizziness
Nausea
Vomiting
Tremor
Respiratory Suppression
Seizures
Death

Question 11

Nicotine Therapeutic uses

Answer 11

ZERO

Question 12

Nicotine Potential treatments

Answer 12

Depression
Schizophrenia
Alzeimers
Touret's Syndrom
ADHD
Anxiety

Question 13

Nicotine Tolerance

Answer 13

• Metabolic, Cellular, and Behavioral mechanisms
• Cross Tolerance with Caffeine, Opioids, Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines
• Tolerance leads to withdrawal symptoms
• Acute and Chronic Withdrawal syndromes

Question 14

symptoms f nicotine withdrawal

Answer 14

irritability
Anxiety
Distraction
Restlessness
Insomnia
Hunger
Weight Gain

Question 15

Nicotine Physical Dependence

Answer 15

Linked to nicotine tolerance

Withdrawal Sndroms

Question 16

Dependence

Answer 16

Smoking - Acute Cellular Tolerance

Not Smoking - Onset of Withdrawal

Resume Smoking - Termination of Withdrawal

Cycle repeats

Question 17

Dependence
(Smoking - Acute Cellular Tolerance)

Answer 17

Smoking Desensitizes Nicotinic Receptors

System Compensates by Increasing Receptors

Question 18

Dependence
(Not Smoking - Onset of Withdrawal)

Answer 18

During Withdrawal, Receptors are Hyperresponsive

Withdrawal Symptoms Develop

Question 19

Dependence
(Resume Smoking - Termination of Withdrawal)

Answer 19

Receptors become occupied by nicotine

Withdrawal symptoms dissipate

Question 20

Nicotine Psychological Dependence

Answer 20

Strong Reinforcer

Acting Via Dopamine Systems

Question 21

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Answer 21

Dopamine Axons

Cholinergic Cell Bodies

Dopamine Cell Bodies

Question 22

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Dopamine Axons

Answer 22

Nucleus Accumbens (NA)
-Stem out from cell bodies in Ventral Tegmental Area

Question 23

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Cholinergic Cell bodies

Answer 23

Laterodorsal (LDT)
Pedunculopontine (PPT)
-Communicates with Dopamine Cell Bodies around Substantia Nigra

Question 24

Nicotine and Brain Systems

Dopamine Cell Bodies

Answer 24

Ventral Tegmental Area

Question 25

Nicotine and the Dopamine Reward System

Answer 25

Nicotine Stimulates DA Neurons in VTA to Release DA in Nucleus Accumbens and PreFrontalCortex LDT / PPT -Release ACh act at nicotinic receptors VTA -Releases Dopamine at NA and PFC

Question 26

Factors in Smoking Addiction

Answer 26

Withdrawal Syndrome Dopamine Reward System Conditioning Cues

Question 27

Smoking Addiction Conditioning Cues

Answer 27

Sensory (Taste, Smell, Touch) Mood Social

Question 28

out of twenty people, how many will smoke, try to quit, actually quit, and fail quitting?

Answer 28

20 people 5 will smoke, 5 will try to quit, 1 will actually quit 4 will continue to smoke

Question 29

Motivations to smoke

Answer 29

Image Rebellion Peer Pressure Stress Relief Weight Control Advertising

Question 30

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction

Answer 30

Nicotine replacement Buproprion Varenicline

Question 31

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction | Nicotine Replacement

Answer 31

Nicoderm or Nicorette -occupies nicotinic receptors

Question 32

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction | Buproprion

Answer 32

Antidepressant blocks dopamine reuptake

Question 33

Parmacotherapy for Smoking Addiction | Varenicline

Answer 33

Partial Nicotinic Receptor Agonist

Question 34

Annual US Deaths

Answer 34

Smoking: 430,000 Alcohol: 81,000 Other Drugs: 14,000 AIDS: 17,000 Car Accidents: 41,000 Murders: 19,000

Question 35

Death by smoking

Answer 35

Lung Cancer: 125,000 Other Cancers: 31,000 Other Diagnoses: 67,000 Secondhand Smoke: 38,000 Chronic Lung Disease: 82,000 Ischemic Heart Disease: 82,000 Stroke: 17,000

Question 36

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System

Answer 36

Increases Demand Reduced Oxygen supply to heart

Question 37

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System | Increases Demand

Answer 37

Increases heart rate / Contraction Increases Blood pressure

Question 38

Effects of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System | Reduces oxygen supply to heart

Answer 38

Artherosclerosis Carbon Monoxide reduces affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen Impairs Pulmonary function (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Question 39

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 39

Combination of: Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Asthma

Question 40

Emphysema

Answer 40

The walls of the alveoli are damaged by inflammation. Alveoli can lose their natural elasticity, Become overstretched and rupture. Several adjacent alveoli may rupture, forming one large space instead of many small ones

Question 41

Bronchitis

Answer 41

Chronic Brnochitis is a chronic inflammation and thickening of the walls of your bronchial tubes, Which narrows them. It often induces coughing spells.

Question 42

Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke

Answer 42

``` can cause: skin agin lung disease and cancers infertility incontinence Urinary Tract Disease and Cancers ``` Gum Disease Heart Disease Impotence Poor Clotting

Question 43

Cigarette smoke cancers

Answer 43

``` lung mouth throat stomach bladder ```