Autonomic Nervous system

Question 1

The autonomic nervous system is a division of the…

Answer 1

Peripheral nervous system

Efferent nervous system

Question 2

describe the different componenets of the automic nervous system?

Answer 2

Question 3

Sympathetic nerves have…

Answer 3

Thoracolumbar outflow

Short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibres

Question 4

Parasympathetic nerves have…

Answer 4

Craniosacral outflow

Long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibres

Question 5

Sympathetic ganglia are located in…

Answer 5

Prevertebral ganglia

Paravertebral ganglia

Question 6

Sympathetic outflow is from which regions?

Answer 6

thoracic (T1-12) and lumbar (L1-2) regions

Question 7

where is parasympathetic outflow from?

Answer 7

cranial (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral (S2-4) regions

Question 8

where do sympathetic ganglia lie close to?

Answer 8

spinal cord in the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia), or in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

Question 9

where do parasympathetic ganglia lie close to?

Answer 9

Parasympathetic ganglia lie close to or within the target

Question 10

Cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic outflow include which nerves?

Answer 10

Oculomotor nerve
Facial nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve

Question 11

In the sympathetic system the synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic cells are…

Answer 11

Cholinergic and nicotinic

Question 12

In the parasympathetic system the synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic cells are…

Answer 12

Cholinergic and nicotinic

Question 13

what do both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibres release?

Answer 13

Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibres release acetylcholine which acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 14

In the parasympathetic system the synapses between post-ganglionic cells and their targets are…

Answer 14

Cholinergic and muscarinic

Question 15

Adrenaline and noradrenaline act on…

Answer 15

Adrenergic receptors
α receptors
β receptors

Question 16

what do parasympathetic fibres release?

Answer 16

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibres release acetylcholine which acts on muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 17

what do Sympathetic postganglionic fibres release?

Answer 17

noradrenaline which acts on α or β adrenergic receptors

Question 18

describe acetylcholine?

Answer 18

It’s released from the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibres where it then binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic cells.

The postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic nervous system also release acetylcholine This time it binds to muscarinic receptors on the target.

acts on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Question 19

describe noradrenaline and adrenaline?

Answer 19

postganglionic cells in the sympathetic nervous system release adrenaline and noradrenaline and this binds to adrenergic receptors, which can be the alpha or the beta type.

have subtypes. Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2

Question 20

Post-ganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla…

Answer 20

Release adrenaline
Have no axons
Are part of the sympathetic system
Contribute to mass activation

Question 22

Sympathetic postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla release?

Answer 22

adrenaline and noradrenaline (~80%:20%) into the blood

This acts on α or β adrenergic receptors

Question 23

In the eye, activation of the sympathetic system causes…

Answer 23

Contraction of the radial muscle of the iris

Relaxation of the ciliary muscle surrounding the lens

Question 24

sympathetic innervation on muscles of iris?

Answer 24

activates α1 receptors on radial muscle of the iris

Radial muscle contracts and makes pupil larger

Question 25

parasympathetic innervation on muscles of iris?

Answer 25

Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle of the iris Contracts sphincter muscle and makes pupil smaller

Question 26

sympathetic innervation of ciliary muscle around lens?

Answer 26

Activates β2 receptors on ciliary muscle around lens Ciliary muscle relaxes and eye focuses far away

Question 27

parasympathetic innervation of ciliary muscle?

Answer 27

Activates muscarinic receptors on ciliary muscle around the lens Ciliary muscle contracts and eye focuses close up

Question 28

Eye drops used to dilate the pupil of the eye may contain…

Answer 28

A muscarinic antagonist An α1 agonist

Question 29

In the heart, parasympathetic activation causes…

Answer 29

Release of acetylcholine A decrease in heart rate

Question 30

In most blood vessels, activation of…

Answer 30

Parasympathetic nerves causes vasodilation Sympathetic nerves causes vasoconstriction

Question 31

In some blood vessels, activation of the sympathetic system causes vasodilation because…

Answer 31

They express β2 receptors

Question 32

sympathetic innervation of blood vessels?

Answer 32

Activates α1 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels Makes smooth muscle contract and blood flow decreases Activates β2 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels Makes smooth muscle relax and blood flow increases

Question 33

parasympathetic innervation of blood vessels?

Answer 33

Usually no effect

Question 34

In the lung, activation of the sympathetic system causes…

Answer 34

Relaxation of smooth muscle