Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

what is the ANS

Answer 1

involuntary efferent division of the PNS

Question 2

what does the ANS control

Answer 2

muscles and glands

Question 3

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

Answer 3

involuntary

Question 4

what is the ANS activated by

Answer 4

centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, and hypothalamus

Question 5

what part of the nervous system controls most visceral function in the body

Answer 5

ANS

Question 6

autonomic nerve pathway

Answer 6

preganglionic fiber synapses with the cell body of the second neuron which lies within a ganglion
post ganglionic fiber innervates effector organ

Question 7

cholinergic receptors

Answer 7

nicotinic receptors that are found in the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia

Question 8

what do cholingergic receptors respond to

Answer 8

Ach released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers and adrenal medulla

Question 9

what neurotransmitters are released in preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Answer 9

acetylcholine

Question 10

what does acetylcholine bind to

Answer 10

muscarinic or nicotinic receptors

Question 11

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release what NT

Answer 11

acetylcholine

Question 12

what are cholinergic fibers

Answer 12

release acetylcholine a their ending

Question 13

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers release what NT

Answer 13

norepinephrine

Question 14

what are sympathetic post ganglionic fibers called

Answer 14

adrenergic fibers

Question 15

where is norepinephrine released from in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

adrenal medulla in small amounts

Question 16

what does epinephrine bind to

Answer 16

alpha and beta receptors

Question 17

what type of receptor does epinephrine bind to

Answer 17

beta 2

Question 18

what type of receptor does norepinephrine bind to

Answer 18

alpha and beta 1

Question 19

what type of receptor does Ach bind to in the parasympathetic pathway

Answer 19

muscarinic

Question 20

what type of receptor does Ach bind to in the sympathetic pathway

Answer 20

nicotinic (skeletal muscle)

Question 21

what are some of the autonomic effectors

Answer 21

smooth and cardiac muscle
some endocrine and exocrine glands
some adipose tissue

Question 22

what type of glands are the adrenal medulla

Answer 22

endocrine

Question 23

what is the outer part of the adrenal gland called

Answer 23

adrenal cortex

Question 24

what is the inner portion of the adrenal medulla called

Answer 24

adrenal medulla

Question 25

the adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic ganglion that does not give rise to what

Answer 25

post ganglionic fibers -must go through adrenal medulla which released epinephrine into the blood which goes to the effector

Question 26

what does the adrenal gland do upon stimulation by the preganglionic fiber from the CNS

Answer 26

secretes catecholamines into the blood

Question 27

what percentage of hormone output from the adrenal gland is norepinephrine

Answer 27

20%

Question 28

what percentage of hormone output from the adrenal gland is epinephrine

Answer 28

80%

Question 29

sympathetic dominance

Answer 29

fight or flight promotes response that prepares the body for strenuous physical activity in emergency or stressful situation

Question 30

adrenergic receptors (sympathetic) major classes (two)

Answer 30

alpha and beta

Question 31

norepinephrine mainly excited which adrenergic receptor

Answer 31

alpha( but can excite beta to lesser extent)

Question 32

epinephrine excites which adrenergic receptor

Answer 32

both alpha and beta equally

Question 33

what does beta 1 activation help with

Answer 33

increasing heart rate and contractility in the heart increasing stroke volume and cardiac output

Question 34

what does activation of beta 2 help with

Answer 34

bronchiodilation in the lungs

Question 35

what does activation of alpha 1 help with

Answer 35

smooth muscle contraction and glycogenolysis cause vasoconstriction

Question 36

parasympathetic dominance

Answer 36

dominated in quiet, relaxed situations -body has housekeeping activities -rest and digest bodily functions

Question 37

muscarinic cholinergic receptors are found in which system

Answer 37

parasympathetic

Question 38

are visceral organs innervated by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve fibers

Answer 38

both

Question 39

what is dual innervation

Answer 39

innervation of a single organ by both branches of the autonomic nervous system

Question 40

when both systems (para and sympathetic) are active what is that called

Answer 40

tone *different from dominance

Question 41

when does system dominance occur

Answer 41

when fibers rate of firing to an organ increases above tone level

Question 42

autonomic neuropathy or dysautonomia

Answer 42

nerves of the ANS are damaged and causes autonomic system dysfunction

Question 43

what are some effects of dysautonomia

Answer 43

blood pressure, temp control, digestion, bladder function, sexual function, exercise intolerance, sweating problems

Question 44

what can be the cause of dysautonomia

Answer 44

diabetes (neuropathy) amyloidosis autoimmune diseases medications (chemo drugs) inherited disorders (familial dysautonomia)

Question 45

what is amyloidosis

Answer 45

irregular protein buildup in organs

Question 46

Horner syndrome

Answer 46

rare disorder resulting from interruption of the pre or postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the face

Question 47

what is the cause or Horner syndrome

Answer 47

injury to the nerves, injury to the carotid artery, stroke or lesion in the brainstem

Question 48

what is the hallmark of Horner syndrome

Answer 48

triad of reduced sweating (anhidrosis), drooping eyelids (ptosis), and constricted pupils (miosis)

Question 49

what is the treatment for Horner syndrome

Answer 49

there is no specific pharmacologic treatment

Question 50

autonomic agonsit

Answer 50

binds to the neurotransmitters receptor and causes the same response the neurotransmitter would

Question 51

natural agonists

Answer 51

endorphins neurotransmitters

Question 52

agonist drug examples

Answer 52

nicotine morphine heroin LSD (lysergic acid diethlamide)

Question 53

autonomic antagonist

Answer 53

binds with the receptor preventing the neurotransmitter from binding and causing a response

Question 54

examples of autonomic antagonist

Answer 54

atropine, metoprolol, prazosin, antibodies for myasthenia gravis

Question 55

atropine

Answer 55

blocks the effects of Ach at the muscarinic receptor but doesn't affect nicotinic receptors

Question 56

metroprolol

Answer 56

selectively blocks beta 1 receptors

Question 57

prazosin

Answer 57

selectively blocks alpha 1 receptors

Question 58

importance of the vagus nerve

Answer 58

sends signals from the brain to all other organs in the body and is in constant communication with heart lungs and gut

Question 59

what is the vagus nerve responsible for

Answer 59

regulating stress response

Question 60

what does lower vagal tone indicate

Answer 60

higher levels of anxiety and depression

Question 61

the ability to change vagal tone can influence what

Answer 61

our mental health