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Cellular and Neuromuscular Physiology > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ANS

A

involuntary efferent division of the PNS

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2
Q

what does the ANS control

A

muscles and glands

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3
Q

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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4
Q

what is the ANS activated by

A

centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, and hypothalamus

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5
Q

what part of the nervous system controls most visceral function in the body

A

ANS

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6
Q

autonomic nerve pathway

A

preganglionic fiber synapses with the cell body of the second neuron which lies within a ganglion
post ganglionic fiber innervates effector organ

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7
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic receptors that are found in the postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia

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8
Q

what do cholingergic receptors respond to

A

Ach released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers and adrenal medulla

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9
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

what does acetylcholine bind to

A

muscarinic or nicotinic receptors

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11
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release what NT

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

what are cholinergic fibers

A

release acetylcholine a their ending

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13
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic fibers release what NT

A

norepinephrine

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14
Q

what are sympathetic post ganglionic fibers called

A

adrenergic fibers

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15
Q

where is norepinephrine released from in the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla in small amounts

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16
Q

what does epinephrine bind to

A

alpha and beta receptors

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17
Q

what type of receptor does epinephrine bind to

A

beta 2

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18
Q

what type of receptor does norepinephrine bind to

A

alpha and beta 1

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19
Q

what type of receptor does Ach bind to in the parasympathetic pathway

A

muscarinic

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20
Q

what type of receptor does Ach bind to in the sympathetic pathway

A

nicotinic (skeletal muscle)

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21
Q

what are some of the autonomic effectors

A

smooth and cardiac muscle
some endocrine and exocrine glands
some adipose tissue

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22
Q

what type of glands are the adrenal medulla

A

endocrine

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23
Q

what is the outer part of the adrenal gland called

A

adrenal cortex

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24
Q

what is the inner portion of the adrenal medulla called

A

adrenal medulla

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25
Q

the adrenal medulla is a modified part of the sympathetic ganglion that does not give rise to what

A

post ganglionic fibers
-must go through adrenal medulla which released epinephrine into the blood which goes to the effector

26
Q

what does the adrenal gland do upon stimulation by the preganglionic fiber from the CNS

A

secretes catecholamines into the blood

27
Q

what percentage of hormone output from the adrenal gland is norepinephrine

A

20%

28
Q

what percentage of hormone output from the adrenal gland is epinephrine

A

80%

29
Q

sympathetic dominance

A

fight or flight
promotes response that prepares the body for strenuous physical activity in emergency or stressful situation

30
Q

adrenergic receptors (sympathetic) major classes (two)

A

alpha and beta

31
Q

norepinephrine mainly excited which adrenergic receptor

A

alpha( but can excite beta to lesser extent)

32
Q

epinephrine excites which adrenergic receptor

A

both alpha and beta equally

33
Q

what does beta 1 activation help with

A

increasing heart rate and contractility in the heart
increasing stroke volume and cardiac output

34
Q

what does activation of beta 2 help with

A

bronchiodilation in the lungs

35
Q

what does activation of alpha 1 help with

A

smooth muscle contraction and glycogenolysis
cause vasoconstriction

36
Q

parasympathetic dominance

A

dominated in quiet, relaxed situations
-body has housekeeping activities
-rest and digest bodily functions

37
Q

muscarinic cholinergic receptors are found in which system

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

are visceral organs innervated by sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

both

39
Q

what is dual innervation

A

innervation of a single organ by both branches of the autonomic nervous system

40
Q

when both systems (para and sympathetic) are active what is that called

A

tone
*different from dominance

41
Q

when does system dominance occur

A

when fibers rate of firing to an organ increases above tone level

42
Q

autonomic neuropathy or dysautonomia

A

nerves of the ANS are damaged and causes autonomic system dysfunction

43
Q

what are some effects of dysautonomia

A

blood pressure, temp control, digestion, bladder function, sexual function, exercise intolerance, sweating problems

44
Q

what can be the cause of dysautonomia

A

diabetes (neuropathy)
amyloidosis
autoimmune diseases
medications (chemo drugs)
inherited disorders (familial dysautonomia)

45
Q

what is amyloidosis

A

irregular protein buildup in organs

46
Q

Horner syndrome

A

rare disorder resulting from interruption of the pre or postganglionic sympathetic innervation to the face

47
Q

what is the cause or Horner syndrome

A

injury to the nerves, injury to the carotid artery, stroke or lesion in the brainstem

48
Q

what is the hallmark of Horner syndrome

A

triad of reduced sweating (anhidrosis), drooping eyelids (ptosis), and constricted pupils (miosis)

49
Q

what is the treatment for Horner syndrome

A

there is no specific pharmacologic treatment

50
Q

autonomic agonsit

A

binds to the neurotransmitters receptor and causes the same response the neurotransmitter would

51
Q

natural agonists

A

endorphins
neurotransmitters

52
Q

agonist drug examples

A

nicotine
morphine
heroin
LSD (lysergic acid diethlamide)

53
Q

autonomic antagonist

A

binds with the receptor preventing the neurotransmitter from binding and causing a response

54
Q

examples of autonomic antagonist

A

atropine, metoprolol, prazosin, antibodies for myasthenia gravis

55
Q

atropine

A

blocks the effects of Ach at the muscarinic receptor but doesn’t affect nicotinic receptors

56
Q

metroprolol

A

selectively blocks beta 1 receptors

57
Q

prazosin

A

selectively blocks alpha 1 receptors

58
Q

importance of the vagus nerve

A

sends signals from the brain to all other organs in the body and is in constant communication with heart lungs and gut

59
Q

what is the vagus nerve responsible for

A

regulating stress response

60
Q

what does lower vagal tone indicate

A

higher levels of anxiety and depression

61
Q

the ability to change vagal tone can influence what

A

our mental health

Cellular and Neuromuscular Physiology (4 decks)

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