autonomic nervous system

Question 1

what is the autonomic nervous systum apart of
and what it is in contrast to

Answer 1

part of PNS
-in contrast with somatic nervous system

Question 2

difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

somatic is volutary (skeletal) and autonomic is unvoluntary (cardiac, smooth muscle). maintaining homeostasus, heart rate ect.

Question 3

describe the 3 divisions of autonomic nervous systum
1) sympathetic
2) parasynpathetic
3) enternic

Answer 3

1) ‘fight or flight’
2) ‘rest and digest’
3) ‘second brain’ independently controls the GI tract. but still comunicates with sympathetic and parasynpathetic system. controls peristalis and secretion.

Question 4

describe the structural difference between somatic and autonomic neuron

Answer 4

somatic= single neuron pathway
autonomic- two neuron pathway which synapses a ganglian

somatic- one long myleinated motor neuron from CNS to target cell. (direct connection)
autonomic- two neurons are preganglionic and postganglionic

somatic= heavily myleinated for fast conducion
autonomic= preganglionic= lightly myleinated
postganglionic= no mylein

Question 5

structrual difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

Answer 5

sympathetic ganglia are closer to spinal cord whereas parasynpatheic ganglia are closer to target organ.
sympatheic have shorter preganglionic strand which is mylientaed. whereas parasympathetic have longer preganglionic strand which is mylienated.
at both synapses acetycholine is released to nicotinic receptor.

parasynpathetic release acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor to target organ e.g. heart
sympathetic mostly releases noradrenaline to adrenergic recpeptor to target organ e.g. heart

Question 6

the receptors for somatic and autonomic systems

Answer 6

somatic = nicotinic in skeletal muscle

autonomic= nicotinic in ganglia.
muscarinic or adrenergic in target tissue

Question 7

what kind of receptors are muscarinic and adrenergic receptors

Answer 7

G protein coupled receptors

Question 8

h

Question 9

how the autonomic nervous system can be manipulated pharmacologically
1) muscarinic antagonist e.g. atropine
2) beta- adrenergic antagonist ( beta blockers) e.g. propranolol
3) beta- adrenergic agonists e.g. salbustamol

Answer 9

1) used in surgery to prevent parasympathetic reflexes when handling organs.
-also used as eye drops to dilate pupils

2) slows heart rate preventing arrhythmias

3) promotes bronchodilation to relieve asthma

Question 10

what is the main neurotrasnmitter released from cholinergic neuron
and noradrenernic neuron

Answer 10

-aceylycholine
-noradrenaline