Neuro > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

ANS is part of

A

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

ANS controls

A

Involuntary body functions and maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

3 branches of ANS

A

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, enteric nervous system

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4
Q

Main functions of ANS

A

-Cardiopulmonary function
-Movement and secretion of digestive enzymes
-Regulates metabolic, water reabsorption and digestive activity
-Thermoregulation
-Pupil dilation/constriction
-Reproduction
-Autonomic responses/reflexes

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5
Q

Sympathetic NS neurotransmitters and effects

A

-Epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Increase HR and BP
-Vasoconstriction
-Bronchodilation
-Pupil dilation
-Inhibits digestive and bowel/bladder activity

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6
Q

Parasympathetic NS neurotransmitters and effects

A

-Acetylcholine
-Decrease HR and BP
-Vasodilation
-Bronchoconstriction
-Pupil constriction
-Stimulates digestion

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7
Q

Parts of ANS

A

Sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating center (hypothalamus), motor neurons and effectors

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8
Q

Both SNS and PNS use

A

Two neuron pathway

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9
Q

2 parts of ANS pathway

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

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10
Q

Where does preganglionic neuron originate?

A

-CNS (brainstem for PNS and thoracolumbar spinal cord for SNS)
-Synapses at ganglion outside CNS (sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia)

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11
Q

Are preganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Preganglionic axon sizes

A

PNS: short
SNS: long

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13
Q

Preganglionic neurons always use which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Where does postganglionic neuron originate?

A

Ganglion, where it receives input from preganglionic neuron and extends to the target organ

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15
Q

Are postganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

No

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16
Q

Postganglionic neurons axon sizes

A

SNS: short
PNS: long

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17
Q

Central control center of ANS

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

2 types of mechanoreceptors

A

-Pressure: Aortic, carotid sinuses, lungs
-Stretch: veins, bladder, intestines

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19
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

-O2 in carotid and aortic bodies
-H and CO2 in medulla
-Blood glucose and electrolytes in hypothalamus
-Also present in stomach, taste buds, olfactory bulbs

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20
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to things that can damage tissue in arterial walls and viscera (stretch, ischemia, chemicals)

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21
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

-Respond to minute changes in circulating blood temperature in hypothalamus
-Respond to external temperature changes in skin

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22
Q

2 afferent pathways of ANS

A

-Spinal cord via dorsal roots (same as somatic motor system)
-Brainstem via cranial nerves 7,9,10 (solitary nucleus)

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23
Q

Where does info that comes to the solitary nucleus get conveyed to?

A

-Visceral control areas in pons and medulla
-Modulatory areas in hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system

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24
Q

Areas in the medulla and pons control

A

vital functions

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25
Areas within the medulla control
HR, respiration, vasoconstriction/dilation, signals conveyed to vagus nerve
26
Pons is involved in regulating
respiration
27
Reticular formation
Net-like structure of brainstem nuclei and neurons that extends vertically throughout the brainstem, runs from to medulla to upper midbrain
28
Reticular formation functions
-Adjusts general level of activity throughout nervous system (motor and autonomic function, nociceptive info, consciousness) -Regulates HR, breathing, vasoconstriction/dilation
29
Hypothalamus acts on
Pituitary gland and control center in brainstem and spinal cord
30
Roles of limbic system
Regulates emotions, moods, memory, motivation
31
Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called
Cholinergic
32
Neurons that secrete norepinephrine or epinephrine are called
Adrenergic
33
All preganglionic neurons in ANS release Ach, which binds to
Nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neuron
34
Postganglionic neurons in PNS release Ach, which binds to
Muscarinic receptors on target tissues
35
Motor symptoms in Parkinson's
-Tremor -Rigidity -Akinesia (bradykinesia) -Postural instability
36
Other symptoms of Parkinson's or too little dopamine
-Cognitive impairment -Depression, anxiety, apathy -Sleep disturbances -Autonomic dysfunction -Sensory symptoms -Hyposmia (decreased sense of smell)
37
Neuron from CNS to ganglion
Preganglionic Abeta fiber
38
Neuron from ganglion to effector organ
Postganglionic C fiber
39
Where do sympathetic efferents arise from?
Interomediolateral nucleus in lateral horn (T1-L3)
40
Where do parasympathetic efferents arise from?
Sacral parasympathetic nuclei (S2-S4)
41
Location of SNS postganglionic cell bodies
Paravertebral ganglia at level of spinal cord
42
Sympathetic efferent neurons innervate
adrenal medulla, vasculature, sweat glands, erectors of hair cells, viscera
43
SNS efferents that are a part of two neuron tracks
-To periphery and thoracic viscera, with synapses in paravertebral ganglia -To ab and pelvic organs, with synapses in prevertebral ganglia
44
All sympathetic presynaptic neurons originate in
Thoracic and lumbar cord
45
SNS efferents to the head originate in ___ and synapse in ____
Hypothalamus; upper thoracic SC and upper cervical ganglion
46
SNS efferents to the head: preganglionic fibers from upper thoracic spinal cord ascend to ___
Superior and inferior (stellate) cervical ganglion via sympathetic trunk
47
PNS uses 1 or 2 neuron pathway?
2, called cranial sacral outflow
48
All parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the
Brainstem or sacral spinal cord
49
Parasympathetic ganglia are located
Near or in target organs
50
CN III nucleus
Oculomotor
51
CN VII nucleus
Superior salivatory nucleus
52
CN IX nucleus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
53
CN IX and X nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
54
CN X nucleus
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
55
Are sympathetics that control effectors in limbs, face, body wall, and raising eyelid countered by parasympathetics?
No
56
Are parasympathetics that increase the convexity of the lens opposed by sympathetics?
No
57
Locus coeruleus is responsible for
Arousal, attentiveness, and can trigger anxiety
58
During freezing, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are
Coactivated to optimize threat perception and selection of actions needed
59
First step of fight, flight, freeze process
Amygdala recognizes threat exists and sends info to hypothalamus and anterior medulla to stimulate SNS
60
Once fight/flight starts, parasympathetic output ____ and sympathetic output ___
Decreases, increases
61
Causes of Horner's Syndrome
-Lesions to descending sympathetic tract, upper thoracic SC, brachial plexus, or cervical sympathetic trunk -Interruption of blood supply, trauma, tumor, cluster headache or stellate ganglion block
62
Symptoms of Horner's Syndrome
Ipsilateral -Ptosis: droopy eyelid -Enophthalmos: sunken appearance of eye -Miosis: pupillary constriction -Impaired sweating -Skin vasodilation (redness)
63
Autonomic Dysreflexia
-Occurs in complete SCI above T5/6 -2/2 uncontrolled sympathetic overactivity below the level of the lesion
64
Effects of Autonomic Dysreflexia
-T6 or above: ascending and descending pathways from brain that regulate ANS are interrupted -Below level of injury: SNS becomes hyperactive in response to noxious stimuli and higher brain centers lose ability to modulate response
65
Examples of noxious stimuli in AD
Full bladder, UTI, kinked catheter, constipation, pressure sores, injury from overstretching, etc
66
S&S of AD
-Rapid increase in BP -Pounding headache -Bradycardia -Sweating, piloerection and flushing above level of lesion -Cold, pale skin below level of lesion
67
Subtypes of syncope
-Neurocardiogenic -Situational -Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome
68
What causes syncope?
-Emotional distress, pain, fear, or pressure on carotid sinus -Causes sympathetic overactivity and strong heart contractions that activate heart mechanoreceptors and afferents in CNX
69
What causes orthostatic hypotension?
-Pooling of blood in lower limbs and abdomen, causes decrease in CO and BP -Baroreceptor reflex that would compensate by eliciting vasoconstriction of LE isn't working properly

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