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Anatomy & Phsyiology II > autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two pathways of the ans

A

preganglionic neuron: myelinated, extends to ganglion, within CNS

postganglionic neuron: nonmyelinated, extends to effector organ, outside CNS

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2
Q

all somatic motor neurons release what neurotransmitter & what is its effects?

A

acetylcholine and it is always stimulatory

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3
Q

preganglionic and postganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter & what is its effects?

A

preganglionic: acetylocholine

psns postganglionic: acetylcholine

sns postganglionic:norepinephrine

its effects are stimulatory or inhibitory

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4
Q

What do preganglionic axons have that postganglionic axons do not

A

myelin

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5
Q

What is dual innervation

A

an organ gets nerves from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, but have opposite effects.

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6
Q

where do parasympathetic fibers originate

A

originate in brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal cord; craniosacral

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7
Q

where do sympathetic fibers originate

A

originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord or thoracolumbar

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8
Q

parasympathetic fiber length

A

long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers

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9
Q

sympathetic fiber length

A

short preganglionic and long postganglionic

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10
Q

parasympathetic ganglia location

A

located in or near the their visceral effector organ

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11
Q

sympathetic ganglia location

A

lie close to spinal cord

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12
Q

what rami communicantes does the parasympathetic division pass through

A

none

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13
Q

what rami communicantes does the sympathetic division pass through

A

gray and white rami communicantes

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14
Q

what do the white rami in the sympathetic division contain

A

myelinated preganglionic fibers

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15
Q

what do the gray rami in the sympathetic division contain

A

nonmyelinated postganglionic fibers

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16
Q

degree of branching pre ganglionic fibers in parasympathetic division

A

minimal

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17
Q

degree of branching pre ganglionic fibers in sympathetic division

A

extensive

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18
Q

what do the preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division do for the eyes and through which cranial nerve

A

controls smooth muscle of eye and causes pupils to constict; runs through the oculomotor nerve (III)

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19
Q

what does the facial and glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate and in which division

A

facial: stimulate large glands in head

glossopharyngeal: stimulate parotid salivary glands

In the parasympathetic division

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20
Q

what nerve accounts for 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body

A

vagus nerve (X)

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21
Q

what plexuses are a part of the vagus nerve

A

cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus

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22
Q

what specific area of the sacral spinal cord does the parasympathetic division originate from and what organs does it serve

A

S2-S4, pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine

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23
Q

which root do sympathetic axons travel through

A

ventral root of spinal nerve

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24
Q

what specific area of the thoracolumbar does the sympathetic division originate from

A

T1-L2

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25
which structures are innervated by only the sympathetic nervous system
sweat glands, arrector pili muscle of hair follicle, smooth muscles of all blood vessels
26
what do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division form in the spinal cord
forms the lateral horns
27
what do the 23 paraveterbral ganglia make up
sympathetic trunk
28
name the 23 paravertebral ganglia
3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral 1 coccygeal
29
What are the three autonomic ganglia, its division, and location
Terminal ganglia, PNS, close to organ Sympathetic trunk ganglia, SNS, paired beside spinal cord Collateral ganglia, SNS, unpaired anterior to spinal cord
30
For the sympathetic pathway to the head, where do the fibers emerge and in which ganglion do they synapse
Emerges from t1 - t4 and they synapse in the superior cervical ganglion
31
Fibers from T5 - L2 form what splanchnic nerves
Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves
32
When the splanchnic nerves interweave, what plexuses does it form and what ganglia does it contain
It forms the abdominal aortic plexuses and contains celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
33
For the sympathetic pathway to the abdomen, what splanchnic nerve do the fibers travel through and in which ganglia do they synapse
They travel through the thoracic splanchnic nerves and synapse in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
34
What is the largest ganglion in the human body
Celiac ganglion
35
What cells are found within the adrenal medulla gland
Chromaffin cells
36
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated what neurotransmitters are realeased
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
37
Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons found
Dorsal root ganglion and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
38
what do visceral sensory neurons do
they sense chemical changes, stretch, temperature, and irritation in organs
39
where are visceral sensory receptors found
They are free nerve endings scattered in organs
40
how do visceral sensory axons travel
They travel with autonomic nerves
41
how do visceral sensory neurons cause referred pain
they can share pathways with somatic sensory neurons, making pain from organs feel like it's coming from the skin or muscles.
42
what neurotransmitter does cholinergic fibers release and where are they found
it releases ACh and is found in all ANS preganglionic fibers and all parasympathetic post ganglionic fibers
43
what neurotransmitter does adrenergic fibers release and where are they found
it releases NE and is found almost all sympathetic postgangionic fibers
44
what are the two different cholinergic receptors that bind to ACh
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
45
where are nicotinic receptors found
found on ALL post ganglionic neurons, adrenal medullary cells, and sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
46
what effect do nicotinic receptors have when they bind to ACh
excitation
47
where are muscarinic receptors found
all parasympathetic target organs
48
what effect do muscarnic receptors have when they bind to ACh
it can be either depending on the receptor type of target organ
49
what are the five different adrenergic receptor types
a1, a2, b1, b2, b3
50
a1 - location & effect
location: blood vessels on the skin, musosae, abdominal viscera kidneys, and salivary glands effect: Constriction of blood vessels, pupil dilation.
51
a2 - location & effect
location: membrane of adrenergic axon terminals, pancreas effect: Inhibits neurotransmitter release and insulin secretion
52
b1 - location & effect
location: heart, kidney, adipose tissue effect: Increases heart rate and force of contraction, stimulates kidneys to release renin
53
b2 - location & effect
location: lungs, blood vessels in the heart, liver, and skeletal muscle effect: dilates blood vessels and bronchioles, relaxes smooth muscle walls
54
b3 - location & effect
location: adipose tissue effect: stimulates lipolysis by fat cells
55
what is antagonistic interactions and an example
the opposite effects that the PSNS and SNS have on the same organ EX: SNS increases heart rate while PSNS decreases heart rate
56
almost all blood vessel muscle is innervated by which fibers and why
sympathetic fibers so it can control blood pressure, even a rest
57
sympathetic tone
continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels
58
the parasympathetic division controls heart, smooth muscle, and most glands except for which two
adrenal and sweat glands (sudoriferous)
59
what are three unique roles of the sympathetic division
thermoregulation, release of renin from kidneys, and metabolic effects
60
localized versus diffuse effects
PSNS divison tends to be short-lived while SNS tends to be longer-lasting
61
eye (iris) - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: constricts pupils SNS: dilates pupils
62
glands - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: stimulates secretory activity SNS: inhibits secretory activity
63
salivary glands - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: secretes watery saliva SNS: secretes thick saliva
64
adrenal medulla - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: no effect SNS: secretes NE and epinephrine
65
urinary bladder - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: contracts smooth muscle of bladder, relaxes urethral sphincter, makes you pee SNS: relaxes smooth muscle of bladder, constricts urethral sphincter, doesn't make you pee
66
lungs - PSNS & SNS effects
PSNS: constricts bronchioles SNS: dilates bronchioles
67
what CNS centers control ANS and which one is the main controller
brain stem, spinal cord, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex hypothalamus is the main
68
what does the brain stem control
reticular formation and has the most direct influence
69
what does the spinal cord control
defecation and urination

Anatomy & Phsyiology II (4 decks)

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