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NURS 191 [Exam #2] > Autonomic Nervous System - A&P > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System - A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Be able to draw out the Nervous System pathway

A

refer to master notes

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2
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and induce symptoms characteristic of the fight-or-flight response

  • described as catacholamines/noncatacholamines
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3
Q

Sympathomimetics are also known as __________ __________

A

adrenergic agonists

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4
Q

Direct-acting sympathomimetics

A

bind and activate adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

Indirect-acting sympathomimetics

A
  • stimulate release of NE
  • inhibit reputake of NE
  • inhibit destruction of NE
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6
Q

Mixed-acting sympathomimetics

A

both direct and indirect actions

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7
Q

Parasympathomimetics

A

drugs that mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system and induce symptoms characterisitc of the rest-and-digest response

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8
Q

Parasympathomimetics are also known as ________ ________

A

cholinergic agents

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9
Q

Direct-acting parasympathomimetics

A

bind to and activate cholinergic (ex: Ach) receptors

  • results in longer action of Ach
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10
Q

Indirect acting parasypathomimetics

A

increase concentration of Ach by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

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11
Q

An example of indirect acting parasympathomimetics is __________ _________. What disease is this used to help treat?

A
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • used to tx myasthenia gravis
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12
Q

Sympatholytics

A

drugs that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system by blocking adrenergic receptors, to decrease the fight-or-flight (sympathtic) response and influence the parasymapathetic response

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13
Q

Sympatholytics can also be refered to as….

(Hint: 2 names)

A
  • Adrenergic antagonist
  • Adrenergic-blocking agents
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14
Q

Be able to draw out the pathway of the Autonomic nervous system

A

Refer to picture or chart

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15
Q

What are the primary functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Exert involuntary control

  • Contract cardiac/smooth muscle
    -> Heart, digestive tract (peristalsis), respiratory tract, arteries, reproductive tract (uterus, erection), bladder
  • Glandular activity
    -> Salivary, thyroid, adrenal glands
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16
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS? How do they differ?

A

Sympathetic (SANS)

  • Fight/flight

Parasympathetic (PANS)

  • Rest/digest
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17
Q

What are the bodily functions regulated by the ANS?

Hint: 7

A

BRUH DWB it

  • BP
  • Respiration
  • Urinary excretion
  • HR
  • Digestive fxn
  • Water balance
  • Body temp
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18
Q

T/F: In order to maintain proper balance within the body (homeostasis), the ANS allows for fine tuning between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

True, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions produce mostly opposite effects, therfore, it is able to “fine tune” the ANS and help maintain homeostasis

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19
Q

What is the major NT associated with the Sympathetic (SANS) ?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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20
Q

What is the major NT associated with the Parasympathetic (PANS) ?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

21
Q

What is the class name for drugs/NT that are associated with the Sympathetic NS (SANS)?

A

Cateacholamines

22
Q

Name the 5 types of catacholaimes. Know which one are natural and which ones are synthetic

A

Natural Catacholamines

  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
  • Dopamine

Synthetic Catacholamines

  • Isoproterenol
  • Dobutamine
23
Q

Describe: Norepinephrine

(Synthesized in? Released by? Amino Acids Involved, How it becomes synthesized/released, Negative Feedback, MISC)

A

Synthesized in?

  • Adrenergic nerve terminal (of adrenergic postganglionic neuron)

Released By?

  • Adrenergic postganglionic neuron

Amino Acids Involved

  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine

How it becomes synthesized/released

  1. ACh (NT) is released from the cholinergic preganglionic neuron at the autonomic ganglion
  2. ACh binds to nicotininc cholineric receptors on the adrenergic postganglionic neurons
  3. Phenylalanine (AA) -> tyrosine (AA)
  4. Tyrosine (AA) -> Dopamine
  5. Dopamine -> Noreprinephrine (NE)
  6. NE released from the adrenergic postganglionic neurons and will attached to adrenergic receptors (α or β) on the target tissue

Negative Feedback

  • Returned to vesicles (for future use)
  • Destroyed enzymatically by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

MISC

  • Major NT for SANS
  • Released by adrenal medulla
24
Q

Describe: Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

(MISC)

A

MISC

  • Released by adrenal medulla
25
Describe: **Dopamine** (MISC)
**MISC** - Needed for synthesis of norepinephrine
26
Name the 4 types of adrenergic receptors. Know which ones are used to stimulate/inhibit
- Alpha 1 (S) - Alpha 2 (I) - Beta 1 (S) - Beta 2 (I)
27
Describe: **Alpha 1** (Location, Effect)
**Location** - All sympathetic target organs EXCEPT the heart **Effect** - Vasoconstriction -> ↑BP
28
Describe: **Alpha 2** (Location, Effect)
**Location** - Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals **Effect** - Inhibit norepinephrine (NE) release -> ↓ BP
29
Describe: **Beta 1** (Location, Effect)
**Location** - Heart - Kidneys **Effect** - ↑ HR -> ↑ force of contraction -> ↑AV conduction velocity - Stimulate release of renin -> ↑ BP
30
Describe: **Beta 2** (Location, Effect)
**Location** - All sympathetic target organs (lungs) except the heart **Effect** - Relaxes smooth muscle -> Relaxation of bronchi -> vasodilation -> open up bronchioles
31
**Organize the following descriptions into the correct category**: **Description** - Reaction to stress - Restores body resources - Mobilize the body - Conserves body resources **Category**: - Symapathetic (SANS) - Parasympathetic (PANS)
**Symapathetic** (SANS) - Reaction to stress - Mobilize the body **Parasympathetic** (PANS) - Restore body resources - Conserve body resources
32
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE?)
hydrolytic enzyme and hydrolyzes Ach into inactive products -> acetate and choline
33
What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?
- Nicotinic - Muscarinic
34
Describe: **Nicotinic** receptors (Location, Effect)
**Location** - Postganglionic neurons (in both the parasympathic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS) **Effect** - Stimulate smooth muscle - Stimulate gland secretion
35
Describe: **Muscarinic** receptors (Location, Effect)
**Location** Target tissues affected by the postganglioinc neurons of the PANS: - Heart - Any target organs that stimulate smooth muscle and gland secretions **Effect** - ↓ HR -> ↓ Contractility - Stimulate smooth muscle - Stimulate gland secretion
36
T/F: In regards to the autonomic nervous system, effects between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are always opposite
**False**, some effects are not oppsite. Some effects can be **complimentary**. For example, the parasympathetic (PANS) will stimulate erection, and the sympathetic (SANS) will cause ejaculation
37
What nerves control the sympathetic division? Include any subdivisions, if possible.
- Thoracic Nerves - Lumbar nerves
38
What nerves control the parasympathetic division? Include any subdivisions, if possible.
**Cranial Nerves** - **III** (Ocular) - **VII** (Facial) - **IX** (Glossopharngeal); swallowing - **X** (Vagus Nerve) -> Heart -> Lung -> GI **Sacral Nerves**
39
Fill out the chart on master notes comparing the effects the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system has on certain organs. Be sure to know which ones are controlled by which nerves
fill out chart on master notes
40
Compare the length of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system vs the parasympathetic nervous system
**Sympathetic** - *LONGER* postganglionic neurons **Parasympathetic** - *SHORTER* postganglionic neuron
41
What is the role of the nruse in regards to drug therapy?
- ID possible interactions - ID contraindications of drug therapy - Monitor patient’s condition - Provide education on drug therapy - Note adverse effects of drug therapy
42
Describe: **Alpha 1** (Treatment, Side effects, Misc [contraindication])
**Treatment** - Treats hypotention - Relieves nasal congestion -> Vasoconstricts blood vessels -> open up airways **Side Effects** - Pupil dilation -> Constricts iris dilatory muscle -> pupil dilation **MISC** (contraindication) - Glaucoma
43
Describe: **Alpha 2** (Treatment, Side effects, Misc)
**Treatment** - HTN (helps ↓ BP) **Side Effects** - Causes sedation **MISC** - central acting (present in CNS and PNS) - has sympatholytic effect - Ex: Clonodine
44
Describe: **Beta 1** (Treatment)
**Treatment** - Cardiac arrest - Heart failure - Shock
45
Describe: **Beta 2** (Treatment)
**Treatment** - asthma - premature labor contractions
46
Which drug is an **alpha agonists** that is mainly used to tx **hypotention** and **nasal congestion**?
phenelephrine
46
What drug is an **alpha 2 agonist** that is used to treat **HTN** and **ADHD**?
clonodine
47
Glaucoma is contraindicated in...
**anything that will cause pupil dilation** - Alpha 1 agonists - Anticholinergics/Cholinergic antagonist
48
What are gerontologic considerations that should be taken into account?
**Polypharmacy** - adverse effects from multiple drugs (5+) **Fall Risk** - meds can cause dizziness, orthostatic hypotention, sedation **Unreliable compliance** - apruptly stopping, forgetting, meds can be expensive **Pharmacokinetic changes** - bodies are less efficient/slower -> meds can have more of a toxic effect

NURS 191 [Exam #2] (4 decks)

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