autonomic nervous system (ch 14)

Question 1

autonomic means

Answer 1

self governed

Question 2

general aspects of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

• motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
• involuntary

Question 3

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

the sympathetic division is

Answer 4

a widespread system with numerous and early branches

Question 5

function of the sympathetic division

Answer 5

fight or flight, gearing up to expend energy in an emergency

Question 6

the parasympathetic division is

Answer 6

a smaller, more localized system

Question 7

function of the parasympathetic division

Answer 7

rest and digest, involved in conserving/storing energy

Question 8

how many motor neurons come out of the CNS

Answer 8

two - preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 9

preganglionic motor neurons are

Answer 9

from the CNS to autonomic ganglion, secrete Ach onto a nicotinic receptor in the Na+/K+ ion channel, is lightly myelinated

Question 10

postganglionic motor neurons are

Answer 10

from the ganglion to the effector, is unmyelinated

Question 11

NTs for each effector

Answer 11

sympathetic - NE
parasympathetic - ACh

Question 12

where are ganglia located

Answer 12

sympathetic - usually near spinal cord (pre - short, post - long)
parasympathetic - near/in effector (pre - long, post - short)

Question 13

output of the sympathetic system

Answer 13

thoracolumbar (regions of the spinal cord)

Question 14

sympathetic chain ganglia are

Answer 14

paravertebral

Question 15

the sympathetic goes through

Answer 15

communicating rami that connect sympathetic ganglia to spinal nerves

Question 16

neurons of the white ramus are

Answer 16

myelinated and preganglionic

Question 17

neurons/axons of the gray ramus are

Answer 17

unmyelinated and postganglionic

Question 18

preganglionic fibers may do three things:

Answer 18

• synapse in the same ganglion
• synapse in a higher or lower ganglion
• pass through sympathetic chain ganglia to go to collateral (prevertebral) ganglion

Question 19

postganglionic axons are found in

Answer 19

• spinal nerves
• sympathetic nerves
• splanchnic nerves

Question 20

spinal nerves run to

Answer 20

the skin, body surface, and BVs

Question 21

sympathetic nerves run to

Answer 21

the head and thoracic organs

Question 22

splanchnic nerves run to

Answer 22

abdominal and pelvic organs

Question 23

the adrenal medulla is

Answer 23

a highly modified sympathetic ganglion

Question 24

function of the adrenal medulla

Answer 24

release hormones (chemical messengers) that go into the blood, such as epinephrine (greater quantity) and norepinephrine

Question 25

epinephrine and norepinephrine are otherwise known as

Answer 25

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 26

these are responsible for cranialsacral output of the parasympathetic system

Answer 26

cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus) and sacral/lower spinal cord region (S2-S4)

Question 27

the cranial nerves are responsible for

Answer 27

over 90% of all parasympathetic output

Question 28

the terminal ganglia are located

Answer 28

near/in the effector organ

Question 29

if terminal ganglia are in the effector wall, they are called _____

Answer 29

intramural ganglia

Question 30

neurotransmitters from the preganglionic to postganglionic

Answer 30

are always ACh, send excitatory postsynaptic potential onto nicotinic receptor on the Na+/K+ ion channel, causing it to open

Question 31

neurotransmitters from the postganglionic to effector organ

Answer 31

sympathetic - norepinephrine parasympathetic - ACh

Question 32

receptors for NE/epi

Answer 32

always a 2nd messenger alpha1: BVs of most organs (not heart) alpha2: CNS, decreases sympathetic output beta1: in heart, increases HR and force beta2: in lungs, dilates tubes/decreases mucus production beta3: fat, breaks it down to release energy

Question 33

receptor for ACh

Answer 33

muscarinic receptor (2nd messenger)

Question 34

most organs have _____ innervations, meaning that _____

Answer 34

dual, sympathetic and parasympathetic oppose/antagonize each other

Question 35

tone on an effector organ means that

Answer 35

one system predominates

Question 36

parasympathetic tone examples

Answer 36

heart, GI organs

Question 37

sympathetic tone example

Answer 37

BVs

Question 38

S vs P example in eye focus

Answer 38

S: distant vision P: close vision

Question 39

S vs P example in pupil size

Answer 39

S: dilate (more light/info) P: constrict (less light/info)

Question 40

S vs P example in skin

Answer 40

S: sweat/goosebumps P: none

Question 41

S vs P example in heart

Answer 41

S: increase HR/force P: decrease HR/force

Question 42

S vs P example in BVs

Answer 42

S: constrict (but dilate to skeletal muscle) P: none

Question 43

S vs P example in lung tubes

Answer 43

S: dilation, decrease in mucus production P: constrict, increase in mucus production

Question 44

S vs P example in GI

Answer 44

S: decrease saliva, increase % of mucus, decrease GI function P: opposite

Question 45

S vs P example in liver (glucose)

Answer 45

S: move or release glucose (glycogenolysis) P: storing glucose in the form of glycogen

Question 46

S vs P example in fat

Answer 46

S: breakdown P: storage

Question 47

S vs P example in bladder

Answer 47

S: inhibit contraction P: contraction

Question 48

S vs P example in genitals

Answer 48

S: orgasm, spinal skeletal muscle reflexes P: arousal, erection, increased secretion