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physiology > urinary system (ch 24) > Flashcards

urinary system (ch 24) Flashcards

1
Q

kidney/urinary functions

A

rid waste products
water level maintenance
ion level maintenance
pH
vitamin D activation
hormones

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2
Q

nitrogen wastes from amino acids

A

deaminated amino acids
urea (formed in liver - uric acid and ammonia)

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3
Q

metabolic wastes

A

acids
creatinine (from muscle creatine)

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4
Q

toxins/drug wastes

A

created through liver conversion into water-soluble substances

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5
Q

hormones

A

created through liver conversion into water-soluble substances

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6
Q

function of water in the body

A

solvent, fluid levels, BP

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7
Q

major ions in the body

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, HCO3-

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8
Q

how does the kidney maintain pH level

A

acid or base in urine

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9
Q

vitamin D function

A

regulating and absorbing calcium ions

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10
Q

hormonal function of kidneys

A

BP
erythropoietin for RBCs

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11
Q

anatomy overview of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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12
Q

kidney location

A

retroperitoneal (at the back)
around the 12th rib
right lower than left due to liver

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13
Q

size of kidneys

A

5 x 3 x 1 inches in adults

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14
Q

hilum/hilus

A

indent of the kidney, located medially

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15
Q

adrenal gland location

A

on top of kidney

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16
Q

coverings of the kidney

A

renal capsule - dense irregular CT with shiny collagen outside
adipose capsule - perirenal fat
renal fascia - loose CT

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17
Q

renal cortex

A

where blood is filtered (glomerulus)
has proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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18
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone-shaped structures - base is against cortex, apex (papilla) near renal pelvis

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19
Q

renal columns are found

A

between the pyramids

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20
Q

purpose of the renal pelvis

A

collecting urine formed by the kidney

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21
Q

branches of the renal pelvis/their purpose

A

minor - associated with the papilla and apex
major - where the minors come together

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22
Q

flow of the renal blood supply

A

renal arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, vasa recta and tubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins

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23
Q

function of the ureters

A

move urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder base

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24
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind peritoneal cavity

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25
the ureters enter the bladder at
the base, at the trigone
26
muscularis of the ureter wall consists of
smooth muscle (inner longitudinal layer + outer circular layer)
27
mucosa of the ureter wall consists of
transitional epithelium (urothelium) and lamina propria
28
adventitia of the ureter wall consists of
collagen connective tissue
29
kidney stones
precipitated (usually) calcium salts
30
function of urinary bladder
store urine so you can pee when you want to
31
mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of
transitional epithelium (urothelium) and lamina propria
32
detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder consists of
smooth muscle (3 layers - longitudinal, circular, deep longitudinal)
33
adventitia of the urinary bladder consists of
connective tissue (serosa on top of the bladder)
34
trigone
triangle at the base of the bladder formed by two ureters and one urethra, where the bladder attaches to other tissues
35
anatomy of the urethra
stratified epithelium (wear and tear) two sphincters (internal - smooth muscle, external - skeletal muscle)
36
difference between male and female urethras
male - 8 inches, multiple parts (prostatic, membranous, spongy) female - 1.5 inches, UTIs more common
37
processes of the kidney tubule
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, concentration
38
filtration
blood fluid into the glomerular capsule and renal tubules
39
reabsorption
putting tubular fluid back into blood
40
secretion
adding substances from blood to tubule fluid
41
concentration
retaining or not retaining water in fluid (filtrate), happens in collecting duct
42
microscopic parts of the kidney
renal corpuscle nephron tubules collecting duct
43
glomerulus
part of the renal corpuscle, tuft of capillaries where fluids and solutes are filtered out served by two vessels - afferent (in) and efferent (out) arterioles
44
glomerular capsule
part of the renal corpuscle, collects ultrafiltrate from the blood
45
nephron tubules
functional unit of kidney, includes glomerular capsule
46
proximal convoluted tubule
in cortex, 70% of reabsorption occurs here (stuff that is filtered out and returned)
47
loop of henle
goes into medulla (nephron loop), sets up medullary concentration gradient descending limb - into medulla ascending limb - out of medulla
48
distal convoluted tubule
goes back to cortex/glomerulus, forms juxtaglomerular apparatus fine tuning of filtrate (due to hormones)
49
collecting duct
goes through medullary concentration gradient in the pyramids permeable or non-permeable to water because of hormone ADH
50
the filtration barrier is made up of
capillary endothelial cells basement membrane capsule cells
51
capillary endothelial cells
fenestrated (with windows) - acts to increase filtration
52
basement membrane
connective tissue at the base of epithelial cells negative charge finest filtration
53
capsule cells
aka podocytes (foot cells) has filtration slits and slit diaphragm
54
filtration forces include
blood (hydrostatic) pressure blood colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure capsular (hydrostatic) pressure
55
blood pressure
55 mg Hg out (blood to filtrate)
56
blood colloid osmotic pressure
30 mm Hg in (causing blood to retain fluid) proteins in blood are not filtered
57
capsular pressure
15 mm Hg in (blood retains fluid)
58
net filtration pressure
10 mm Hg
59
homeostasis in relation to the urinary system
maintaining glomerular filtration rate
60
intrinsic mechanisms of homeostasis
myogenic reflex vasoactive chemicals from juxtaglomerular apparatus
61
myogenic reflex
fall in BP causes afferent arteriole to dilate, allowing more blood into the glomerulus and increasing the GFR rise in BP causes afferent arteriole to constrict, meaning less blood and decreased GFR
62
extrinsic mechanisms of homeostasis
sympathetic nervous stimulation renin-angiotensin system
63
what is the renin-angiotensin system stimulated by
a decrease in sympathetic nervous stimulation decrease in Na+ or flow rate in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) decrease in BP
64
anatomy of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
macula densa of DCT senses Na+ levels and fluid flow in the DCT JG (granular) cells contain renin - specialized muscle cells in the afferent arteriole
65
renin
enzyme for hormone
66
process of renin-angiotensin system
angiotensinogen (blood protein from the liver) gets piece cut off by renin --> angiotensin I (active but weak) gets converted by angiotensin converting enzyme to angiotensin II (active and strong)
67
effects of the renin-angiotensin system
vasoconstriction promotion of aldosterone release so Na+ and water are retained (processes increase BP so GFR is back to normal)
68
how much reabsorption of filtrate occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
around 70%
69
function of the Na+ gradient in the PCT
Na+ is pumped back so mitochondria for Na+/K+ ATP pumps can increase H2O and Cl- passively follow used to pump glucose and amino acids back into the blood, along with other vitamins and ions
70
what is secreted in the PCT
nitrogen waste (urea and ammonia) drugs (aspirin, antibiotics) acid (H+) and base (HCO3-)
71
the loop of henle acts to form
the medullary concentration gradient
72
characteristics of the descending limb of the loop of henle
water permeable so water diffuses out of the filtrate (osmosis) Na+Cl- impermeable so salt and urea stay concentration of filtrate can increase up to 4x
73
characteristics of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
water impermeable so water stays Na+Cl- pumped and diffuses so salt leaves filtrate concentration of filtrate decreases down to 1/3 of normal body concentration
74
vasa recta
"straight vessels" that take away water and salt that is diffused out - helps maintain medullary concentration gradient
75
concentration of solute at the DCT
1/3 of normal body concentration
76
what happens to filtrate at the DCT
fine tuned - reabsorption and secretion
77
hormones that work at the DCT
aldosterone atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
78
aldosterone
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex induces Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption causes K+ secretion
79
atrial natriuretic factor
"atrium of heart, Na+, urine" induces Na+ (and H2O) secretion
80
parathyroid hormone
from parathyroid induces Ca++ reabsorption
81
collecting duct
tube with many nephrons connecting through it
82
purpose of the collecting duct
concentrating and diluting urine
83
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is stimulated by
an increase in blood/body fluids overall osmolarity (low H2O, high solute)
84
ADH is inhibited by
an decrease in blood/body fluids overall osmolarity (high H2O, low solute)
85
ADH is made in the _____ and secreted by _____
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary neurohypophysis
86
ADH make the collecting ducts _____
permeable to water
87
collecting duct events (other than ADH)
Na+ regulation by aldosterone urea reabsorption -stimulated by ADH acid/base balance
88
micturition reflex steps
urine in bladder increases stretch, leading to parasympathetic bladder contraction (spinal cord reflex - S2-S4), brainstem response (if no go, urge subsides for a while until more urine in the bladder increases stretch again)

physiology (11 decks)

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