Autonomic Nervous System (Lec 19)

Question 1

The ANS can change visceral function rapidly and intensely. Heart rate can be increased to twice normal within ___ to ___ seconds.

Answer 1

3-5

Question 2

The ANS can change visceral function rapidly and intensely. Arterial pressure can be doubled within ___ to __ seconds

Answer 2

10-15

Question 3

Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located where?

Answer 3

within CNS

Question 4

Are preganglionic axons myelinated?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

What is the pregnalgionic NT?

Answer 5

ACH for both parasympathetics and sympathetics

Question 6

Where are postganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

Answer 6

peripheral ganglia

Question 7

Are postganglionic axons myelinated?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

What are the postganglionic NTs?

Answer 8

parasympathetics - ACH

sympathetics - Norepinepherine

Question 9

Terminal ends of ANS fibers usually have enlarged ___ where NT and large numbers of _____ are stored

Answer 9

varicosities; mitochondria

Question 10

In regards to the physiologic anatomy of the sympathetic system, the cell body of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lies in the _____ horn of the spinal cord

Answer 10

intermediolateral

Question 11

In regards to the physiologic anatomy of the sympathetic system, preganglionic fiber can synapse with postganglionic neurons upward or downward in the ____ ___

Answer 11

paravertebral chain

Question 12

In regards to the physiologic anatomy of the sympathetic system, preganglionic fiber can pass for variable distances through the chain and then through one of the sympathetic nerves to synapse in a what?

Answer 12

peripheral sympathetic ganglion

Question 13

The following describe what fibers:
pass through the gray rami; are C fibers; make up about 8 percent of fibers in the average nerve; control blood vessels; sweat glands, piloerector muscles

Answer 13

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 14

Lateral horns are output source for what?

Answer 14

sympathetics

Question 15

What lies against neck of ribs and costovertebral junctions; has 12 thoracic ganglia pairs; and has cervical ganglia?

Answer 15

thoracic sympathetic chain

Question 16

The first thoracic ganglia pair is often fused with what?

Answer 16

inferior cervical ganglion

note: referred to as stellate ganglion collectively

Question 17

The preganglionic sympathetic supply to the thoracic viscera are from what region of vertebrae? How do they exit?

Answer 17

T1-5; exit as direct fibers and travel downwards to enter the thorax as cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

Question 18

True or false?

The cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves travel on their own and do not accompany other nerves or vessels.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

What is the function of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?

Answer 19

coronary artery dilation; increase heart rate; bronchodilation

Question 20

Splanchnic nerves are composed of what fibers?

Answer 20

preganglionic fibers and visceral sensory fibers

Question 21

What do splanchnic nerves supply?

Answer 21

abdominal viscera

Question 22

Where do splanchnic nerves synapse?

Answer 22

in prevertebral ganglia

Question 23

Name the splanchnic nerve:

T5-T9; synapses in celiac ganglion

Answer 23

greater

Question 24

Name the splanchnic nerve:

T10-11; synapses in the superior mesenteric ganglion

Answer 24

lesser

Question 25

Name the splanchnic nerve: | T12; synapses in the aorticorenal ganglion

Answer 25

least

Question 26

The following structure is stimulated by the sympathetic system and secretes 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

Answer 26

adrenal medullae

Question 27

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medullae last __ to __ times longer than NT versions

Answer 27

5-10

Question 28

Describe the effects of the circulating norepinephrine that is secreted by adrenal medullae

Answer 28

constricts most of blood vessels in body; increases heart activity; inhibits GI tract; dilates pupil

Question 29

The secretory cells of the adrenal medulla are what type of neurons?

Answer 29

postganglionic

Question 30

____ fibers of the adrenal medulla are responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 30

rudimentary

Question 31

What are the effects of circulating epinephrine that is secreted by adrenal medullae

Answer 31

raises arterial pressure to a lesser extent than norepinephrine; increases cardiac output more than norepinephrine; has a 5-10 times as great effect on metabolism as norepinephrine; can increase metabolic rate of whole body by as much as 100%

Question 32

The following are affects of what response? Increased arterial pressure, rerouting of blood flow to active muscles, increased rates in cellular metabolism, increased blood glucose concentration, increased glycolysis in liver and muscle, increased muscle strength, increased mental activity, increased blood coagulation rate

Answer 32

alarm or stress response

Question 33

In regards to physiologic anatomy of the parasympathetic system, about ___ % of all parasympathetic fibers are in the ___ nerve

Answer 33

75; vagus

Question 34

In regards to physiologic anatomy of the parasympathetic system, most preganglionic fibers pass all the way to what?

Answer 34

the organ that is to be innervated

Question 35

In regards to physiologic anatomy of the parasympathetic system, postgalngionic parasympathetic fibers are located where? and use what NT?

Answer 35

located in wall of organ; use Ach

Question 36

Name the parasympathetic cranial nerves

Answer 36

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 37

The following is a function of what nerve: | supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye and the levator palpebral superioris

Answer 37

occulomotor

Question 38

In regards to parasympathetic function, Where do the preganglionics of the oculomotor nerve travel?

Answer 38

from edinger-westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion

Question 39

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do the postganglionics of the oculomotor nerve travel?

Answer 39

from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter papillae muscle

Question 40

The following is a function of what nerve: | primary motor to muscles of facial expression; carries sensation of taste from anterior two-thirds of the tongue

Answer 40

facial nerve

Question 41

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do the preganglionics of the facial nerve travel?

Answer 41

from superior salivary and lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia

Question 42

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do postganglionics of the facial nerve travel?

Answer 42

to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and mucous glands of mouth and nose

Question 43

The following is a function of what nerve: | carries general sensation and sensation of taste from posterior one-third of tongue

Answer 43

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 44

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do preganglionics of the glossopharyngeal nerve travel?

Answer 44

from inferior salivary nucleus to otic ganglion

Question 45

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do postganglionics of the glossopharyngeal nerve travel?

Answer 45

to parotid gland

Question 46

The following is a function of what nerve: | motor supply to muscles of the fourth and fifth pharyngeal arches and is important in swallowing and speaking

Answer 46

vagus nerve

Question 47

True or false? | The vagus nerve is the major sympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal organs

Answer 47

true

Question 48

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do preganglionics of the vagus nerve travel?

Answer 48

from dorsal motor nucleus

Question 49

In regards to parasympathetic function, where do postganglionics of the vagus nerve travel?

Answer 49

myenteric plexus of wall of gut tube all the way to the left colic flexure

Question 50

The vagus nerve runs parallel to what structure in body?

Answer 50

esophagus note: also innervates esophagus

Question 51

The vagus nerve passes ___ to root of lung on each side and pierces ___ with esophagus, where it becomes the ___ nerve

Answer 51

posterior; diaphragm; gastric

Question 52

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve from left vagus travel?

Answer 52

hooks around arc of aorta to left of ligament arteriosum

Question 53

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve from right vagus arise?

Answer 53

in neck

Question 54

What is the enzyme used in the following reaction: | Acetyl-CoA + Choline -> acetylcholine

Answer 54

choline acetyl-transferase

Question 55

What is the enzyme used in the following reaction: | Acetylcholine --> choline + acetate ion

Answer 55

acetylcholinesterase

Question 56

List the series of events in norepinephrine synthesis

Answer 56

hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa; decarboxylation of dopa to dopamine; transport of dopamine into vesicles; hydroxylation of dopamine to norepinephrine

Question 57

In regards to removal of norepinephrine, destruction by monamine oxidase is found where?

Answer 57

nerve endings

Question 58

In regards to removal of norepinephrine, destruction by catechol-O-methyl transferase is present where?

Answer 58

all tissues

Question 59

When norepinephrine is secreted into tissues is active for how long? when it is secreted into blood?

Answer 59

``` tissue = few seconds blood = remains active until destroyed by COMT ```

Question 60

What type of acetylcholine receptor utilizes poison from toadstools and is found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons?

Answer 60

muscarinic

Question 61

What type of acetylcholine receptor is found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons and is present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles

Answer 61

nicotinic

Question 62

In regards to adrenergic receptors, norepinephrine excites mainly ___ receptors but also ___ receptors to a lesser extent

Answer 62

alpha; beta

Question 63

True or false? | epinephrine excites beta receptors more than alpha receptors (adrenergic)

Answer 63

false; excites both equally

Question 64

What receptors are associated with the following: vasoconstriction; iris dilation; intestinal relaxation; intestinal sphincter contraction; pilomotor contraction; bladder sphincter contraction; inhibition of NT release

Answer 64

alpha adrenergic receptors

Question 65

What receptors are associated with the following: | cardioacceleration; increased myocardial strength; lipolysis

Answer 65

beta1 adrenergic receptors

Question 66

What receptors are associated with the following: vasodilation; intestinal relaxation; uterus relaxation; bronchodilation; calorigenesis; glycogenolysis; bladder wall relaxation

Answer 66

beta2 adrenergic receptors

Question 67

What receptor is associated with thermogenesis?

Answer 67

beta3 adrenergic receptors

Question 68

Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug associated with what receptor?

Answer 68

alpha

Question 69

Isoproterenol is a sympathomimetic drug associated with what receptor?

Answer 69

beta

Question 70

Albuterol is a sympathomimetic drug associated with what receptor?

Answer 70

beta2

Question 71

What is ephedrine prescribed for? note: it is a drug that causes release of norepinephrine

Answer 71

decongestant and bronchodilator

Question 72

What is amphetamine used to treat?

Answer 72

ADHD (CNS stimulant)

Question 73

Reserpine blocks synthesis and storage of what?

Answer 73

norepinephrine

Question 74

Guanethidine blocks release of what?

Answer 74

norepinephrine

Question 75

Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine blocks what receptors?

Answer 75

sympathetic alpha receptors

Question 76

Propanolol blocks what receptors?

Answer 76

sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors

Question 77

Metroprolol blocks what receptors?

Answer 77

sympathetic beta1 receptors

Question 78

Hexamethonium blocks transmission through what?

Answer 78

autonomic ganglia

Question 79

Parasympathomimimetic drugs act directly on what receptors?

Answer 79

muscarinic

Question 80

In regards to ANS stimulation; what are sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on eyes?

Answer 80

sympathetic: pupil dilation parasympathetic: pupil constriction, lens focusing

Question 81

In regards to ANS stimulation; what are sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on arterial pressure?

Answer 81

sympathetic: results in acute increase in arterial pressure but little effect long term parasympathetic: decreases pumping of heart but little effect on blood pressure

Question 82

In regards to ANS stimulation; what are sympathetic and parasympathetic effects in endodermal structures?

Answer 82

sympathetic: inhibits most of endodermal structures parasympathetic: excites most of endodermal structures