Autonomic Pathways

Question 1

Fibres from hypothalamus?

Answer 1

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 2

Where do preganglionic neurons sit?

Answer 2

Lateral horn

Question 3

Hippocampus sits where?

Answer 3

Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

Question 4

Sympathetic innervation?

Answer 4

T1 to l2

Question 5

Parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 5

Brainstem S2 to S4

Question 6

Myelination?

Answer 6

Preganglionic- myelinated postganglionic-unmyelinated

Question 7

Axons from brain stem/ spinal cord do not pass directly to effector organs except?

Answer 7

Sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla

Question 8

Sympathetic postganglion - neurotransmitter?

Answer 8

Noradrenaline except in sweat glands where it is acetylcholine

Question 9

Alpha1 antagonist?

Answer 9

Prazosin for hypertension

Question 10

Beta one antagonist?

Answer 10

Atenolol for hypertension

Question 11

Beta 2 agonist?

Answer 11

Salbutamol for asthma

Question 12

Metabotropic receptors?

Answer 12

Alpha 1,2 beta 1,2,3

Question 13

Sweat glands postganglionic?

Answer 13

Acetylcholine

Question 14

Postganglionic parasympathetic?

Answer 14

Muscarinic

Question 15

Muscarinic antagonist?

Answer 15

Atropine, used to treat bradycardia dilated pupils and glandular secretions

Question 16

How do preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk from lateral horn thoracic?

Answer 16

White rami communicans (myelinated)

Question 17

Preganglionic fibres either?

Answer 17

synapse in ganglion or

pass through in splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia

Question 18

Postganglionic fibres either?

Answer 18

Go To periphery via grey rami communicans back into spinal nerves

or visceral/head via medial branches and plexus

From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera

Question 19

How many cervical ganglia are there?

Answer 19

Three superior middle and inferior

Question 20

What is A stellate ganglion

Answer 20

It is a fusion of the inferior Cervical and first thoracic ganglia, which is anterior to the neck of the first rib.

Question 21

What is stellate ganglion block useful for?

Answer 21

Treatment of chronic pain

Question 22

How do cervical sympathetic postganglionic fibres travel to the heart?

Answer 22

Via the common carotid artery

Question 23

Internal carotid plexus supplies and action?

Answer 23

Dilate the pupil and raises the eyelid

Inhibit secretions of the lacrimal gland

Question 24

External carotid plexus supplies and action?

Answer 24

Inhibits secretions of the submandibular and parotid gland.

Question 25

Horners syndrome?

Answer 25

Disruption of the sympathetic supply to the head causing constriction of pupil, drooping of eyelid and lack of sweating.

Question 26

What is miosis?

Answer 26

Constriction of pupil

Question 27

Ptosis

Answer 27

Dropping of eyelid

Question 28

Anhidrosis

Answer 28

Lack Of sweating

Question 29

What are the thoracic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 29

Greater, Lesser least to prevertebral ganglia

Question 30

Where does oculomotor nerve come from?

Answer 30

Edinger Westphalia nucleus in midbrain

Question 31

What is the cranial nerve nuclei for the facial nerve?

Answer 31

Superior Salivatory nucleus pons

Question 32

Which cranial nuclei does the glossopharyngeal nerve come from?

Answer 32

Inferior salivatory nuclei pons

Question 33

Vagus nerve comes from which nuclei?

Answer 33

Nucleus Ambiguous, dorsal motor nucleus in medulla

Question 34

Which ganglia are for the cranium?

Answer 34

Ciliary ganglion, Otic ganglion, submandibular ganglion, pterygoPalatine ganglion

Question 35

Auerbach's

Answer 35

Regulates muscle contraction

Question 36

Meissners

Answer 36

Regulates glandula secretions

Question 37

Afferent pathway?

Answer 37

Dorsal roots, Glossopharyngeal nerve via carotid body/sinus | Vagus nerve via aortic body

Question 38

In the brainstem descending fibres from hypothalamus innervate?

Answer 38

Parasympathetic cranial nerve nuclei and critical autonomic centres in the ventrolateral medulla

Question 39

Adrenergic receptors are?

Answer 39

Metabotropic g coupled so slow A1- blood vessels B1- Heart B2- bronchus

Question 40

In adrenal medulla acetylcholine binds to?

Answer 40

Chromaffin cells which causes release of adrenaline and noradrenaline into circulation

Question 41

In postganglionic parasympathetic neurons the neurotransmitter is?

Answer 41

Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptor g coupled so slow

Question 42

What is the ratio of pre to postganglionic neurons?

Answer 42

1:20

Question 43

How do postganglionic sympathetic fibres reach the head?

Answer 43

So from cervical ganglia, they come down through the common carotid then up through the internal/external carotid artery

Question 44

What causes horners syndrome?

Answer 44

Lesion within brainstem/ cervical spinal cord, anywhere between hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons

Question 45

Thoracic sympathetic fibres exit via?

Answer 45

Grey rami communicates- spinal nerves Medial branches- heart and lungs

Question 46

Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs are?

Answer 46

Sympathetic whereas others are mainly preganglionic

Question 47

Sacral parasympathetic level?

Answer 47

S2-S4

Question 48

What does parasympathetic function do in sexual tissues?

Answer 48

Vasodilation in erectile tissues