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Mika’s Revision > Avian > Flashcards

Avian Flashcards

1
Q

State 3 roles of the RSPB

A

• provide habitats for birds
• education of the public
• preserve bird populations

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2
Q

What is RSPB?

A

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

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3
Q

Name some ratite species

A

Ostriches, emus, Rhea, Kiwis

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4
Q

Name some waterfowl

A

Ducks, swans, geese

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5
Q

Name some galliforms/gamebirds

A

Pheasants, quail, chickens

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6
Q

Name some penguin species

A

Emperor, macaroni, gentoo, chinstrap, Humboldt, king

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7
Q

Name some pelican species

A

Dalmatian, brown, great white, American white

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8
Q

Name some stork/heron species

A

Storks - Marabou, white, black, wood
Herons - grey, great blue, great egret, black-crowned night heron

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9
Q

Name some flamingo species

A

American, greater, Chilean, lesser

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10
Q

Name some crane and rail species

A

Cranes - sandhill crane, common, whooping, Siberian
Rails - clapper, water, king, sora

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11
Q

Name some birds of prey species found in the U.K.

A

Peregrine falcon
Buzzard
Red kite
Sparrowhawk
Kestrel
Golden eagle
Barn owl
Hen harrier
Merlin
Osprey
Tawny owl
White-tailed eagle
Goshawk
Hobby
Marsh harrier
Short-eared owl
Little owl
Honey buzzard
Montagu’s harrier
Red-tailed hawk
Falcon
Gyrfalcon
Rough-legged buzzard

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12
Q

What are the 6 ways to house birds in captivity?

A
  1. Cages
  2. Flights
  3. Aviary
  4. Weathering yard
  5. Free loft
  6. Mews
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13
Q

Tethering/jesses:

A

When a bird has a loop around their ankle which is then attached to a tether (rope) which stops them from flying away

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14
Q

What are the negative points of view when it comes to the ethics of tethering?

A

• stress - other birds, predators
• exposed to the elements
• no choice
• NO FLYING - 5 needs, cannot exhibit natural behaviour
• positive punishment if they attempt to fly away
• no enrichment
• lead may cause injuries
• bumble foot
• stress related illnesses
• some BOP are social

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15
Q

What are the 4 general rules of tethering according to the Secretary of State modern zoo practice?

A

• birds that are tethered should be flown 4-5 times per week
• no birds should be permanently tethered
• owls and vultures shouldn’t be tethered
• should have sufficient aviary space

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16
Q

Why tether?

A

• display - make money
• transport
• cheaper than an aviary
• education
• shows
• handling
• easy access to health checking
• training

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17
Q

Tethering update 2022:

A

“Tethering of birds for routine management should be phased out by 31 December 2027”
“Following this date, all birds should be free lofted in suitable environments”

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18
Q

What do we need to consider when building/designing a bird enclosure? (There’s at least 20)

A

• how many individuals?
• external animals - possible predators
• natural environment
• location
• whether they fly or not
• budget
• access system for keepers and security
• avian flu status
• size of the enclosure
• building materials
• heating/lighting (UV?)
• feeding
• watering
• safe capture
• husbandry/ease of cleaning
• substrate
• planting
• perching
• nest area/boxes
• flight restrictions (net?)

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19
Q

What is pinioning?

A

The permanent removal of part of the wing when the bird is 3-4 days old when the wing is cartilaginous. If the bird is older, surgery is required (by a vet!). Anaesthesia is always required and pinioning is only for the bird’s best interest.

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20
Q

What considerations are there when it comes to the location of a bird enclosure?

A

• indoor/outdoor
• predators
• temperature
• draughty
• minimise stress
• natural lighting
• location as enrichment
• corner of the room, not surrounded
• quiet area of the house
• not in kitchen - Teflon poisoning

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21
Q

What considerations are there when it comes to the substrate in a bird enclosure? Include pros and cons of newspaper, mulch, and shavings

A

• is it easy to clean (quick, minimise stress)
• reduce disease/infection - aspergillosis, final infection, damp, wet conditions
• dust
• moisture of substrates for enrichment
• depends on enclosure location
• cost

Newspaper:
Pros - easy to clean, cheap
Cons - can get mouldy, not very absorbent

Mulch:
Pros - cheap, express natural behaviours
Cons - difficult to clean, can become mouldy

Shavings:
Pros - easy to clean, absorbent
Cons - dusty, dependant on location

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22
Q

What considerations are there when it comes to perches in a bird enclosure?

A

• range of sizes/diameter
• range of heights
• access to food/water
• easy access for keepers
• balance, enough perches to choose
• leave space for flying
• how will they be secured so they don’t fall over?
• range of textures
• poisonous plants/trees
• incorrect perching = bumble foot, overgrown nails

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23
Q

What considerations are there when it comes to the lighting/heating in a bird enclosure?

A

• heating requirements depend on species
• indoor vs outdoor enclosure
• birds need UV to produce vitamin D
• birds need UV for breeding
• indoor birds need UV light
• too high UV can cause damage
• safety of keepers (sunburn?)

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24
Q

What are the 3 kinds of enrichment?

A

• naturalistic
• mechanical
• nutritional

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25
Q

Frostbite: causes, treatment, and prevention

A

Causes:
• poor husbandry
• low to the ground in winter
• poor water proofing/draining
• lack of heating

Treatment:
• place them somewhere warm
• move them inside
• suitable substrate

Prevention:
• use correct substrate and flooring
• indoors at night
• good husbandry

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26
Q

Feather plucking: causes, treatment, and prevention

A

Causes:
• stress
• boredom

Treatment:
• vet
• correct diet
• warming treatment
• enrichment
• social groupings

Prevention:
• research
• correct social environment
• correct diet

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27
Q

Bumblefoot: causes, treatment, and prevention

A

Causes:
• pressure sores
• broken, infected skin
• flat surfaces with no air flow
• incorrect perching
• no variation
• sharp objects
• obesity

Treatment:
• sudocrem
• move inside
• change flooring
• remove the calis

Prevention:
• good husbandry
• correct substrate/flooring
• correct perching

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28
Q

Poisoning: causes, treatment, and prevention

A

Causes:
• Teflon poisoning (cookware)
• poisonous plants
• poisonous branches as a perch
• secondary poisoning from eating poisoned rodents

Treatment:
• remove them and provide ventilation
• VETS

Prevention:
• research
• appropriate housing
• perching
• location of enclosure
• appropriate diet

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29
Q

Physical injury: causes, treatment, and prevention

A

Causes:
• poorly designed accommodation
• incorrect bars/netting
• perches not in a big enough area
• birds could fly into netting

Treatment:
• VETS
• AVIAN VETS

Prevention:
• make sure the accommodation is suitable

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30
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

Only eats meat

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31
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

Only eats plant matter

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32
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

Eats both meat and plant matter

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33
Q

What is an insectivore?

A

Eats insects

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34
Q

What is a piscivore?

A

Primarily eats fish

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35
Q

What is a frugivore?

A

Totally or primarily eats fruits

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36
Q

What is a granivore?

A

Primarily eats seeds and nuts

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37
Q

Name some species of pigeons/doves

A

Rock dove, common wood pigeon, mourning dove

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38
Q

Name some shorebirds/wading birds

A

Sanderling, Dunlin, oystercatchers, red knot

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39
Q

Name some parrot species

A

Cockatiel, Budgerigar, scarlet macaw

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40
Q

Name some passerine species

A

House sparrow, goldcrest, bearded reedling

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41
Q

Name some corvid species

A

Common raven, carrion crow, hooded crow, rook

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42
Q

What is a nectivore?

A

Honey/nectar eaters

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43
Q

What is an avivore?

A

Primarily eats other birds

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44
Q

What is a hunter?

A

Actively seeks out prey to kill

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45
Q

What is a scavenger?

A

Feeds on carrion, dead plant matter, or refuse. Meat is already dead.

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46
Q

What are the 7 nutrients?

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Protein
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Fibre
  7. Lipids
47
Q

What factors influence a bird’s diet?

A

• cost
• number of animals
• storage of food
• waste?
• behaviour of birds - aggression?
• environment in the wild
• species
• nutritional requirements
• mixed-species exhibits
• life stage
• food availability
• health of the bird
• palatability

48
Q

Why should we provide supplements to birds?

A

Calcium and Phosphorous (Ca, P) are important minerals in the diet and need to be taken into the body through the diet at the correct ratios. The body needs phosphorus to absorb calcium through the intestines. If there is more phosphorus than calcium then phosphorus starts to take calcium from the animal’s bones resulting in metabolic bone disease.

49
Q

What ratio of Ca:P should a bird have

A

2:1

50
Q

Timed feeders:

A

• reduces staff time
• ensures food access throughout the day
• good for live feeds
• breeding season - fresh food for chicks

51
Q

Signs of ill health in birds:

A

• high temperature
• broken skin
• loss of balance
• dirty
• parasites - worms, mites
• dry eyes/discharge/cloudy eyes
• chipped/sores on beaks
• discharge from nares
• rotting smell
• gaping mouth
• head bobbing
• atypical behaviours
• flapping but no flight
• holding foot up
• lack of movement
• injured feet - bumble foot, toes missing (frostbite?)
• overgrown nails
• sitting hunched over
• fluffed-up feathers
• laboured breathing - visible, raspy?, bubbly?, sign of aspergillosis
• head low to ground
• slitty eyes
• aggression
• lethargy
• matted feathers
• wings dropped
• lack of feathers - feather plucking?
• loss of interest in mating
• lack of appetite
• underweight
• not flying
• lack of faecal output
• diarrhoea
• flicking tail
• blood in faeces
• low response to stimuli

52
Q

What are the 4 classifications of pathogens?

A

• bacteria
• virus
• fungi
• parasites

53
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Something that causes a disease

54
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A single called organism that can cause disease.

55
Q

What is a virus?

A

Not alive, needs living cells inside a ‘host’ to replicate, will cause disease/illness

56
Q

What is a parasite? What are endo and ecto parasites?

A

An organism that lives inside/on top of a ‘host’.
Endo - inside (worms etc)
Ecto - outside (mites etc)

57
Q

What is fungi?

A

A fungus infects the animal and causes illness/disease

58
Q

Psittacosis:

A

• found in almost all birds but common in parrots/cockatiels
• bacteria: chlamydia psittaci
• transmitted by: faeces, saliva, feather dust, airborne
• symptoms: discharge from eyes and nose, yellow/green faeces, reduced appetite, weight loss, problems with breathing
• this disease is ZOONOTIC - breathing difficulties, fever, and pneumonia in humans

59
Q

Bird flu:

A

• a type of influenza that affects birds
• can he zoonotic depending on the strain
• symptoms: loss of appetite, breathing difficulties, blue discolouration of throat and neck, diarrhoea

60
Q

Mites:

A

• northern fowl mite and chicken mite are very common
• mites can bite humans but will not live on them

61
Q

Air sac mites:

A

• infect respiratory system
• wet nose
• canaries/cockatiels
• sneezing
• coughing

62
Q

Aspergillosis:

A

• a fungal infection
• caused by aspergillus - a common mould
• found in: damp soil, damp nesting material, mouldy food and substrate
• infected by breathing in spores
• slow growing that develops over weeks/months
• often no obvious signs of illness until condition is very developed
• signs: fluffed up, weight loss, difficulty breathing
• causes respiratory disease

63
Q

How are bacterial infections treated?

A

Antibiotics

64
Q

How are viruses treated/prevented?

A

Vaccinations or symptoms treated

65
Q

How are fungal infections treated?

A

Anti-fungal medication

66
Q

How are endo-parasites treated?

A

Worming treatment

67
Q

How are ecto-parasites treated?

A

Insecticides

68
Q

How would you prevent psittacosis?

A

• good biosecurity
• keep cages clean and things inside
• position cages so there’s no spread of food, feathers, droppings
• avoid over-crowding
• isolate and treat infected birds

69
Q

How would you prevent aspergillosis?

A

• good biosecurity
• minimise dust and moisture buildup
• frequent cage cleaning
• fresh, nutritious food
• good ventilation

70
Q

How would you prevent avian flu?

A

• distance birds from wild
• good biosecurity
• keep birds locked away
• regularly cleaning feeders/waterers and refilling with fresh food/water

71
Q

Avipoxvirus:
Pathogen, causes, symptoms, prevention

A

Pathogen: virus

Causes: transmission occurs when a mosquito (the vector for this disease) feeds on an infected bird or feeds near secretions from lesions.

Symptoms: eyes swollen + discharge, inflammation of inner throat, trachea, oseophagus making eating and breathing difficult, tissue growths, abscesses

Prevention: vaccination, antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections, iodine-glycerin application on proliferating skin lesions to aid healing

72
Q

Ivermectin is an ___________ treatment frequently it is administered via _____\______ spray.

A

Ivermectin is an (insecticidal) treatment frequently it is administered via (nasal/topical) spray.

73
Q

Itraconazole is an _________ treatment that is frequently administered _______ via a capsule or tablet.

A

Itraconazole is an (antimycotic) treatment that is frequently administered (orally) via a capsule or tablet.

74
Q

Baytril is an ________ that can be administered into the muscle via __________ or given in a solution or tablet ______.

A

Baytril is an (antibiotic) that can be administered into the muscle via (injection) or given in a solution or tablet (orally).

75
Q

What steps/aspects are involved in handling, restraint, and movement?

A

• prior planning
• PPE
• restraint equipment
• decide technique(s)
• risk assessment
• appropriate transport methods
• legislation

76
Q

Capture myopathy:

A

• condition can occurs from struggle or stress during handling or transport
• results in the collapse or death of animal
• requires euthanasia

77
Q

How would you prevent capture myopathy?

A

• chemical restraint/sedation (if appropriate)
• proper training
• well organised capture plan
• well executed capture plan
• reduce restraint time
• noise and visual stimulus should be kept to a minimum

78
Q

Planning a capture - how are you going to reduce stress?

A

• trained and competent staff
• enough members of staff
• all equipment is ready
• all equipment is correct
• everyone is aware of the plan
• stop and reassess is plan A isn’t working

79
Q

BTO

A

British Trust of Ornithology

80
Q

What considerations are there when handling birds of prey?

A

• the talons are the most dangerous part of the bird
• BOP may bite and should always be held well away from anyone’s face, hands, or arms
• make sure the BOP doesn’t injure itself with its talons

81
Q

What considerations are there when handling parrots?

A

• the main weapon of a parrot is the beak
• always have the head restrained properly to prevent to prevent injury to the handler
• make sure the head is secure
• a towel can be used

82
Q

Define homologous

A

When we have similar structure in different organisms

83
Q

How do a bird’s phalanges differ to a human’s?

A

Only 3 phalanges as opposed to 5

84
Q

The two main muscles associated with flight are:

A

Pectoralis: pulls the wing down, extremely large, powerful muscle

Supracoracoideus: lifts the wing up, smaller than the pectoralis

85
Q

How does the Supracoracoideus muscle lift the bird’s wing?

A

The muscle is below the sternum, looping through the clavicle and shoulder and attaching to the humerus, acting as a pulley.

86
Q

What are down feathers for?

A

Insulation

87
Q

What are contour feathers for?

A

Protection from the elements, adds shape to the bird, aerodynamics

88
Q

What are the semi plumes for?

A

Help fill in cavities, keeping the aerodynamic shape, insulation

89
Q

What is a pneumatic bone?

A

A hollow bone. Helps with shock absorption

90
Q

Sternum/Keel:

A

The keel part of a bird’s breastbone extends outward from the top of the bone and down the breast area. It acts as an anchor for a bird’s strong wing muscles. It is a feature of strong flying or swimming birds.

91
Q

Fused thoracic vertebrae:

A

Fairly rigid and helps the bird resist strong forces when flying.

92
Q

Avian Ribs:

A

Provide leverage for the attached muscles. Prevents the birds chest from collapsing when the large pectoral muscles are contracted. Also helps to expand and contract the chest when breathing.

93
Q

Avian skull:

A

Aerodynamic when flying

94
Q

Wings:

A

Strong/durable for flight but no ability to grasp

95
Q

Avian neck:

A

Elongated. Used as a counter balance. Very flexible in order to reach around the body.

96
Q

Avian legs:

A

Shock absorbing for landing.

97
Q

Avian tail:

A

The rudder and break in flight, important for balance.

98
Q

What are the parts of the human digestive system? (In order)

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Duodenum
    a. Pancreas
    b. gallbladder
    c. liver
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
    a. caecum
    b. colon
    c. rectum
    d. anus
99
Q

Crop:

A

A pouch in the oesophagus - this allows the bird to eat lots of food at once and then digest it slowly later. The bird can throw up this food to take off quicker if a predator is near.

100
Q

Proventriculus:

A

This is the first ‘stomach’. This is where acid is added to the food.

101
Q

Gizzard (ventriculus):

A

Very muscular stomach with thick walls: this mechanical organ grinds the food before it enters the small intestine.

102
Q

Cloaca:

A

Birds only have one exit for the digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system. This is knows as the cloaca or vent.

103
Q

What are the 4 parts of the excretory system? What are their functions?

A
  1. Kidneys - remove waste and excess fluid
  2. Ureters - transports urine to bladder
  3. Bladder - holds urine
  4. Urethra - excretes urine
104
Q

Birds have kidneys and ureters the same as mammals but lack a ________ and _______. The ureters lead directly to the _______. Ostriches are the exception. Unlike mammals, they excrete ______ _____ instead of urine. ________ is converted to uric acid in the ________. This is then mixed with _______ from the digestive system and exits the body from the ______. This system reduces the amount of _____ that is lost from the body.

A

Birds have kidneys and ureters the same as mammals but lack a (bladder) and (urethra). The ureters lead directly to the (cloaca). Ostriches are the exception. Unlike mammals, they excrete (uric acid) instead of urine. (Nitrogen) is converted to uric acid in the (kidneys). This is then mixed with (waste) from the digestive system and exits the body from the (cloaca). This system reduces the amount of (water) that is lost from the body.

105
Q

How do birds mate?

A

After courtship, the male will tread the female whereby their cloacas are rubbed and sperm is transferred. Some species have a phallus-like organ that transmit sperm, these mainly include waterfowl and ratites.

106
Q

Parts of the oviduct: Funnel

A

The released mature ova enters here

107
Q

Parts of the oviduct: ova

A

(Basically the yolk). A cluster of ova at various stages of maturity.

108
Q

Parts of the oviduct: magnum

A

Layers of albumen added here (3 hours)

109
Q

Parts of the oviduct: Isthmus

A

Protective membranes added here (1 hour)

110
Q

Parts of the oviduct: shell gland/uterus

A

Shell and bloom added here (20 hours).

111
Q

Parts of the oviduct: Vent

A

Egg emerges here (1 hour or less)

112
Q

How is an egg formed?

A
  1. Nutrients carried to the ovary from the body
  2. Ovary - follicles full with yolk and grow - largest follicle will release the yolk of the egg the hen will lay tomorrow
  3. Yolk travels down the infundibulum- fertilisation will occur here
  4. Magnum - the yolk is covered in albumin (egg white)
  5. Isthmus - shell membrane is formed here
  6. Shell gland - water moves into egg to create “egg shape”. The shell is created
  7. Vagina - egg turns around (oviposition)
  8. Egg comes out of cloaca
113
Q

Breeding triggers:

A

• length of day
• temperature
• humidity
• food availability
• vocalisations
• presence of opposite sex
• breeding colony
• sexual maturity
• circadian rhythm cycles
• follicle stimulating hormones produced in the pituitary gland stimulate reproductive systems

Mika’s Revision (5 decks)

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