Avian Bio Final Exam Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What is domestication?
A
The process of selecting animals and/or plants for characteristics desired by humans.
2
Q
What is taming?
A
No genetic or phenotype change by may be part of domestication process
3
Q
Criteria for domestication
A
Social hierarchy Flexible diet Availability Good temperament Ability/Willingness to breed in captivity Not dangerous in captivity Reasonably fast growth rate
4
Q
Where were most animals domesticated?
A
The Fertile Crescent
5
Q
What was the first animal to be domesticated?
A
Dog
6
Q
What was the first animal to be domesticated for food?
A
Sheep
7
Q
Why was the dog domesticated?
A
Companionship
Hunting
Herding
Transportation use
8
Q
Which two domesticated animals had the most significant impact on human history?
A
Cow
Horse
9
Q
Two locations who are thought to have domesticated chickens
A
Harrapan, Pakistan
Cishan, China
10
Q
Name 4 types of Junglefowl
A
Red
Green
Gray
Ceylon
11
Q
Which type of Junglefowl is believed to be the primary ancestor of domestic chickens?
A
Red
12
Q
How did domestic chickens spread anciently?
A
From the Indian subcontinent when the Persian Empire under Cyrus conquered the area
13
Q
Which empire had a well-developed poultry industry anciently?
A
Roman Empire
14
Q
Empires that helped spread domestic chickens
A
Persian
Greek
Roman
15
Q
Where were turkeys domesticated?
A
Pre-Columbian Mexico
American Southwest - Pueblo Indians
16
Q
Where was the Pato or Muscovy duck domesticated?
A
South American Indians in Pre-Columbian times
17
Q
Ways diseases can be spread
A
Cars/Visitors
Carriers
Airborne
18
Q
All in/All out Production
A
They go in together
They come out together
19
Q
How many teeth does a chicken have?
A
1 –> egg tooth
Then they lose it
20
Q
2 Breeds of Pigeons for Commercial Pigeon production
A
White Kings
American Red and Yellow
21
Q
Father of modern taxonomy
A
Carolus Linnaeus
22
Q
Tallest bird of antiquity
A
Moa
23
Q
Tallest bird today
A
Ostrich
24
Q
Heaviest bird of antiquity
A
Elephant Bird
25
Oldest fossil of a bird and where and when it was discovered
Archaeopteryx lithographica
Bavaria
1861
26
Two ancient uses of chickens other than food
Cockfighting
War
Religion
27
How many orders of birds are there?
Living: 30
Extinct: 4
28
About how many species of birds are there?
10,000
29
Which order do chickens belong to?
Galliformes
30
Order of pigeons
Columbiformes
31
Order of waterfowl
Anseriformes
32
Order of turkeys
Galliformes
33
Order of quail
Galliformes
34
Order of Guinea fowl
Galliformes
35
Order of Pheasants
Galliformes
36
What is the scientific name of chickens
Gallus gallus
37
Scientific name of turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
38
Scientific name of quail
Coturnix: Coturnix coturnix
Bobwhite: Colinus virginianus
39
Scientific name of guinea fowl
Numida meleagris
40
Scientific name of ducks
Anas platyrhynchos
41
Scientific name of pigeon
Columba livia
42
Scientific name of goose
Anser anser
43
Scientific name of dove
Streptopelia
44
Scientific name of Swan
Cygnus cygnus
45
Scientific name of Peafowl
Pavo cristatus
46
Scientific name of pheasant
Phasianus colchicus
47
Ranking of Arkansas in turkeys, broilers, and egg production
Turkeys #3
Broilers #2
Eggs #10
48
What is a broiler?
Meat type chicken
49
What is vertical integration?
Allows company control of products and cost of production
50
What is the approximate value of the Arkansas poultry industry to the economy of Arkansas?
17 billion
| 40%
51
About how many jobs are created by the AR poultry industry?
1 in 4 jobs
52
Which two breeds contributed to modern broilers?
White Plymouth Rock
| White Cornish
53
What does the poultry grower contribute to the growing birds compared to the poultry integrator?
House
Feed
Sanitation
54
Most of the cost of broiler production is what?
Feed
55
Do birds have a diaphragm?
no
56
What are three components of the poultry industry?
Turkeys
Layers
Broilers
57
Major advantages of vertical integration in the poultry industry?
You control it
Pricing
Contract producers shift burden of production facilities away from company
Increase cost of processing, but stabilized market
58
What breed is used in commercial egg industry for white eggs? brown eggs?
White: White Leghorn
Brown: Rhode Island Red
59
What has caused an increase in egg consumption?
Further processing
| Not bad cholesterol
60
How does the number of companies producing table eggs compare to number of broilers or turkeys?
Table egg companies are much larger than broilers or turkeys
61
Where are most broilers produced in the US compared to table egg industry?
Broilers: In the South
Egg: Midwest,CA, AR, TX, & GA
62
Are layer houses more or less expensive than broiler houses? Why?
Yes
Equipment needs: Cages, auto egg collector, feed and water lines, environmental controls, & computer technology to control egg flow
63
What are a few characteristics of layers?
| Weight, # of eggs produced, color, ect...
```
3.6-4 lbs
White
250-280 eggs per year
small birds
prolific and efficient egg producers
```
64
What are reasons for caging layers?
```
Cleaner
Safer
Fewer broken eggs
Decrease potential of broodiness
Lighting
Increase bird density
```
65
What are some unique characteristics of the turkey industry?
Artificial insemination
Raised sex-separate
Brooder rings
66
Why does the turkey industry utilize artificial insemination?
Toms are so much larger than hens that the hens can't take the rigors of natural mating
67
Where is the most growth predicted to be in the broiler industry, domestic or export markets?
Export markets
68
Families that pheasants belong to
Phasianidae
69
Families that guinea fowl belong to
Numididae
70
Families that ducks belong to
Anatidae
71
Families that pigeons belong to
Columbidae
72
Families that doves belong to
Columbidae
73
Families that swan belong to
Anatidae
74
Families that quail belong to
Coturnix: Phasianidae
Bobwhite: Odontophoridae
75
Families that peafowl belong to
Phasianidae
76
Families that turkey belong to
Phasianidae
77
Families that chickens belong to
Phasianidae
78
How many eggs will a guinea produce in the wild and commercially?
Wild: 60
Commercially: 170-200
79
How many cervical vertebrae in a chicken?
14
80
What is the synsacrum?
lumbar and sacral vertebrae
81
What is the atlas
The first ring-shaped cervical bone
82
What is the notarium
shoulder part of the bird
83
What is the pygostyle
fused mass of vertebral
| Some birds don't have this
84
Choana
slit-like opening in the hard palate at the roof of the mouth
85
Cloaca
termination of the digestive systems
| common passage for the digestive system, urinary, and reproductive systems of birds
86
Proventriculus
Glandular stomach of the chicken
small papillal on the internal lining
Openings for the gastric glands
87
Ventriculus
Muscular organ
| serves as the muscular stomach of the chicken for grinding food
88
Koilin
What the ventriculus is lined with
The grinding surface
Lining is removed during processing
89
Meckels Diverticulum
Marks the end of the jejunal area of the intestines and beginning of the ileal region
Where yolk was attached
90
Ingulvia
crop/craw
| pouch that serves as a short-term storage site for food and adds moisture to food
91
Pterylae
Feathered areas of tracts
92
Molting
Feather loss
93
Uropygial gland
gland on the dorsum near the tail that secrets oil for conditioning the feathers
94
Thrombocyte
avain blood cell which functions in clotting similar to mammalian platelets
95
Syrinx
voice box of bird
96
Air sacs
thin clear membrane enclosed within the bones, thorax, and abdomen
connect the major bronchi entering the lungs
aid in breathing
97
ureter
tube located in the kidney connects to the cloaco
| carries urine from the kidneys to the cloaca
98
Oviduct
part of the female reproductive system
| terminates in the cloaca
99
Know the 5 regions of the oviduct
```
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus
Vagina
```
100
How many chambers are in the avian heart?
4
101
How many air sacs in a chicken?
9 (4 paired, 1 unpaired)
102
Superficial veins in a chicken
Jugular (neck)
Basilica (wing)
Ischiadic (Thigh region)
103
ZZ vs ZW chromosomes
ZZ is male
ZW is female
Female determines sex
104
Why are pubic bones not fused?
passing of eggs - to lay eggs
105
How many muscles are in a bird? What types?
~ 190
| Skeletal, cardiac, & smooth
106
Function of the beak
Functions as lips and teeth
107
Name a few different comb types.
```
Pea
Single
Rose
Walnut
Cushion
Buttercup
V
```
108
Unique things about the skin and bones of chickens
They're thin compared to mammals
Semi transparent over most of the body
No sweat glands
Bones are hollow, air filled, light weight, and have fusion
109
How many ovaries do chickens have?
2
110
Incubation period for commercial ducks
28 days
111
Incubation period for muscovy ducks
35 days
112
Incubation period for pigeons
17-19 days
113
Incubation period for quail
Bobwhite: 21-23 days
Coturnix: 15-16 days
114
Incubation period for guinea fowl
26-28 days
115
Incubation period for pheasants
24 days
116
Leading producer of guinea fowl in Europe and in the world?
France
117
What is a French Galor, certified guinea, Label Rouge guinea, and organic guinea?
Types of the marketed guinea if France
| Have different ages they go to market
118
French galor
Guinea fowl
| 170 eggs in 36 week lay period
119
Certified guinea
82 days of age
120
Label Rogue guinea
94 days
121
Organic guinea
98 days
122
What do people in the USA use guinea fowl for?
Watch dog for farms
Easy to alert and alarm
Pets
Insect control
123
Where is the most US pigeon production?
West coast, mostly CA
124
Where is the most US duck production?
Indiana
125
Market ages for guineas
12-14 weeks
126
Market ages for pigeons
28-30 days
127
Market ages for ducks
Pekin: 41-45 days
Muscovy: 35 days
128
Two breeds of pigeons used in commercial production
King pigeon
American red
Yellow carneaux
129
Two breeds of ducks used in commercial production
Pekin
| Muscovy
130
How many eggs do commercial guinea fowl produce?
About 200 eggs in 36 weeks
131
How many eggs do commercial pigeons produce?
15 in one year
132
How many eggs do commercial ducks produce?
240-300 eggs in 52 weeks
133
How are commercial ducks raised compared to chickens?
Similar to broilers in that truss housing is usually used for those totally confined, but they are housed in floor pens or barns, not cages
134
Pigeons raised compared to chickens
form pair bonds and produce two eggs in a nest comprised of flimsy sticks arranged in a bowl on a ledge
135
Guinea compared to chickens
Artificially inseminated and often raised in battery cages
| Cost is higher than commercial broilers
