AVN 2100 Flight Instruments Flashcards
1
Q
What are the six basic flight instruments?
A
Attitude Indicator, Turn Coordinator, Heading Indicator, Air Speed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator, Altimeter
2
Q
What three categories are basic instruments grouped into?
A
Gyroscopic, pressure, and magnetic
3
Q
What are the pressure instruments?
A
Altimeter, air speed indicator, and vertical speed indicator
4
Q
What is static pressure?
A
The result of the weight of air molecules in the atmosphere
5
Q
Static pressure ______ approximately ___ in of mercury every 1000 ft rise in altitude
A
Decreases, 1 inch
6
Q
What measure static pressure?
A
The static ports
7
Q
What is dynamic pressure?
A
Pressure resulting from air molecules relatively moving and crashing into what ever is moving through it.
8
Q
What is the equation to calculate dynamic pressure?
A
1/2 (air density) * V^2
9
Q
The faster the air flow the ______ the dynamic pressure.
A
Greater
10
Q
The greater the air density to ______ the dynamic pressure.
A
Greater
11
Q
Total pressure =
A
Static pressure + dynamic pressure
12
Q
The pitot tube measures ________
A
Total pressure
13
Q
On light aircraft the pitot tube is usually located _______
A
Under the left wing
14
Q
The air speed indicator displays _______
A
Dynamic pressure converted to units of nautical miles per hour
15
Q
The ASI cannot compensate for changes in _______
A
Temperature
16
Q
The ______ system powers the ASI, Altimeter, and VSI
A
Pitot static system
17
Q
The operation of the pressure instruments is based upon _______
A
Changes in pressure
18
Q
Only the _____ uses pressure from the pitot tube.
A
Air speed indicator
19
Q
Total pressure taken into the pitot tube is also referred to as _________
A
Ram air pressure
20
Q
The green arc on the ASI is marked by the ____ and ____ speeds.
A
Vs1 and Vno
21
Q
The white arc on the ASI is marked by the ___ and ___ speeds.
A
Vs0 and Vfe
22
Q
The white arc on the ASI refers to the _____
A
Flap operating range
23
Q
Vs0 is ______
A
The stalling speed in landing configuration
24
Q
Vfe is ______
A
The maximum speed you can fly with flaps extended
25
The green arc on the ASI begins with ____
Vs1
26
Vs1 is ____
The stalling speed in clean configuration
27
The top of the green arc is ___
Vn0
28
Vn0 is _____
The maximum structural cruising speed
29
You should not exceed Vn0 except in ______
Smooth air
30
The green arc represents ________
Normal operating range of speeds
31
The yellow arc of the ASI begins with ____
Vn0
32
The top of the yellow arc is _____
Vne
33
Vne is ____
The never exceed speed
34
The yellow arc indicates the _________
Caution range
35
You should only fly at speeds in the yellow arc in _______
Smooth air
36
The red line is marked by the ______
Vne speed
37
Operating above the Vne _______
Should never be done and may result in structural damage
38
The six main V speeds on the ASI are:
Vs0 (dirty) Vs1 (clean) Vfe (max flaps extended) Vn0 (max structural cruising speed) Vne (never exceed)
39
What is Va?
Maneuvering speed
40
What is maneuvering speed?
The speed at which abrupt/full control movements will result in a stall before structural damage
41
Why is the Va not marked on the ASI?
It changes with weight, depends on the load factor.
42
The ASI displays ____
Indicated Air Speed (IAS)
43
IAS is referred to when discussing performance speeds such as:
Takeoff, landing, and stall speeds
44
True Airspeed takes into account
The density of the air
45
Is IAS or TAS more accurate?
TAS
46
What speed is important for navigational purposes?
True Air Speed
47
IAS will equal TAS only at_____
Sea level under standard conditions?
48
What does standard conditions refers to?
29.92 in in Hg and 15 deg. C
49
At higher altitude and aircraft must be flown at a higher ____ to maintain the same ____.
TAS, IAS
50
The difference between IAS and TAS is most noticeable when?
During takeoffs and landings at high altitude on warm days.
51
What is Calibrated Air Speed?
IAS corrected for installation and instrumentation errors
52
CAS can be determined from the _____
POH
53
Equivalent Air Speed is _____
Calibrated Air Speed corrected for compressibility errors.
54
When does EAS become a factor?
Above 200 kts
55
What is groundspeed?
TAS corrected for wind
56
TAS is the actual
speed through the air
57
With a tailwind, GS is _____ than TAS
Greater
58
With a headwind, GS is _____ than TAS
Less
59
When climbing with a blocked static port, the ASI will display a _____ than actual IAS
Lower
60
When descending with a blocked static port, the ASI will display a _____ than actual IAS
Greater
61
When climbing with a fully blocked pitot tube, the ASI will display a _____ than actual IAS.
Greater
62
When descending with a fully blocked pitot tube, the ASI will display a ______ than actual IAS.
Lower
63
With a partially blocked pitot tube, the ASI will eventually read _____
Zero
64
The altimeter displays altitude above the _____
Average height of the ocean, mean sea level, MSL
65
The altimeter must be set to a specific place and time, known as the ________
Kollsman window
66
The value displayed by the altimeter is known as the ______
Indicated altitude
67
The altimeter setting is the airport _______ corrected for _________
Barometric pressure, MSL pressure
68
If the pressure at an airport 500 feet above MSL is 28.3, what is the altimeter setting?
28.8
69
With the altimeter set to current conditions it should read within _____ feet of published field elevation.
75
70
If MSL pressure is 30 in, what is the altimeter setting?
30
71
In flight, to ensure accurate altimeter readings, the altimeter should be set to an appropriate setting for a current location within ____ miles.
100
72
At altitudes greater than 18000 MSL, altimeters are set to ____
29.92
73
Altitudes above 18000 MSL are referred to as _________
Flight levels
74
21000 MSL =
FL210
75
Pressure altitude is what the altimeter reads with what setting?
29.92
76
What is one equation for calculating pressure altitude?
Field Elevation - (((Altimeter setting) - 29.92)*1000)
77
Pressure altitude can also be referred to as the difference between indicated altitude and the _______
Standard datum plane
78
The ASI and altimeter are unable to adjust for changes in ________
Air density
79
Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for ________
Non standard temperature
80
Temperature decreases ___ degrees C for every 1000 gain in elevation
2
81
True Altitude is the ______
Actual height above MSL
82
What altitude is displayed on navigational charts?
True altitude
83
The only two condition when IA will equal TA are:
When standard atmospheric conditions exist in flight or when on the ground with the correct altimeter setting.
84
Absolute altitude is _______
The actual height of an object above ground level (AGL).
85
Four causes of error in the altimeter are:
Instrument error, Instrument lag, position error, and temperature error
86
Position error refers to _______
Error from the position of the static port
87
As the saying goes, high to low, ______, low to high, ________
Look out below, in the sky
88
If the static port becomes blocked, the altimeter will read a ________
Constant altitude
89
The Vertical Speed Indicator displays what?
Rate of climb or decent once stabilized
90
Why does the VSI have 3-9 seconds of lag to display a stable rate of climb?
It measures the rate of static pressure change through use of a calibrated leak within the instrument
91
If the static port becomes blocked, the VSI will read _____
0
92
What two fundamental properties of gyroscopes are the operation of the gyro instruments based on?
Rigidity in space and Precession
93
Describe a gyro:
A rotating, wheel shaped, heavy rimmed mass mounted within lighter rings known as gimbals which rotate around the center of mass freely.
94
What does the principal if rigidity in space state:
Regardless of the position of its base, a gyro tends to remain spinning in its original plane with its axis of rotation pointed in a constant direction.
95
What does precession refer to?
The reaction of the spinning center mass of a gyroscope to the application of a force. When the direction of the airplane changes a slight tilting of the gyro occurs, which is precession.
96
What is the definition of precession?
A force applied to spinning object felt 90 degrees ahead in the direction of rotation.
97
What gyroscopic principle does the attitude indicator use?
Rigidity in space
98
What gyroscopic principal does the heading indicator use?
Rigidity in space
99
What gyroscopic principal does the turn coordinator use?
Precession
100
What powers the the turn coordinator?
The electric system
101
What powers the attitude indicator?
The vacuum system
102
What powers the heading indicator?
The vacuum system
103
What provides suction for the vacuum system?
The vacuum pump
104
What monitors the vacuum system?
The suction gauge
105
What does the vacuum relief valve do?
Prevents excessive pressures within the system
106
What is the only instrument that provides pitch and bank information?
The attitude indicator
107
Does the gyro spin horizontally or vertically in the AI?
Horizontally
108
Does the AI provide yaw information?
No
109
The angle of bank scale on the AI is marked in ___ degree increments
10
110
The angle of pitch scale on the AI is marked in ___ degree increments
5
111
Is the AI affected by precession?
Yes
112
When accelerating, the AI might show a small pitch ______
Up
113
When decelerating, the AI might show a small pitch _____
Down
114
An unusual or extreme attitude might cause the AI to _____
Tumble
115
The AI should be erect and stable within ____ minutes of engine startup
5
116
Should the AI indicate a pitch change during brake test?
Yes
117
Around what axis does the gyro in the HI spin?
Horizontal
118
Does the heading indicator seek magnetic north?
No
119
How often should the HI be checked and reset?
Every 15 mins
120
Why must the HI be reset?
Mechanical drift from precession caused by friction
121
What does the turn coordinator indicate?
Rate of turn, rate of roll, and quality of turn
122
What is a standard rate turn?
360 deg in 2 min = 3 deg per second
123
What indicated the quality/coordination of the turn on the turn coordinator?
Inclinometer Ball
124
Does the turn coordinator indicate bank angle?
No
125
Why do light aircraft typically spin the TC electrically?
So that not all gyro instruments depend on the vacuum system
126
During taxi turns, what should the TC indicate?
The TC wings should go in the direction of the turn while the ball should go in the opposite direction
127
In a coordinated turn, the centrifugal force equals what?
The horizontal component of lift
128
In a coordinated turn, where is the inclinometer ball?
Centered
129
In a slipping turn, is the centrifugal force greater or less than the horizontal component of lift?
Less
130
Where is the inclinometer ball in a slipping turn?
Toward the inside of the turn
131
What does a slipping turn indicate?
The angle of bank is too great for the rate of turn
132
Is a skidding turn a coordinated one?
No
133
In a skidding turn, the centrifugal force is ____ than the horizontal component of lift.
Greater
134
The inclinometer ball moves to the _____ of the turn in a skidding turn.
Outside
135
A skidding turn indicates what?
Rate of turn too great for the angle of bank.
136
What does the rate of turn refer to?
Number of degrees of heading changed per unit of time
137
For a constant bank angle, if the velocity increases, the rate of turn ______
Decreases
138
For a constant airspeed, if the angle of bank increases, the rate of turn ______
Increases
139
For a constant bank angle, if airspeed increases, the radius of turn ____
Increases
140
For a constant airspeed, if the angle of bank increases, the radius of turn ______
Decreases
141
What is magnetic variation?
The angular difference between true north and magnetic north at a given location
142
Charts reference ____ north, but pilots fly using _____ north
True, magnetic
143
What is magnetic deviation?
Error from interference of electrical and magnetic fields generated within the aircraft.
144
What does magnetic deviation cause?
The magnetic compass to not point directly to magnetic north
145
Is deviation constant?
No, it varies from plane to plane and heading to heading.
146
What is a deviation card?
A card posted near the magnetic compass displaying correction to be made to compass readings to compensate for deviation
147
Where does magnetic dip occur?
Near the poles.
148
The weight added to a compass to help with magnetic dip causes _______ when on _______ headings
Acceleration/deceleration East/west
149
When accelerating on a easterly or westerly heading, the compass will turn to the _____
North
150
ANDS stands for?
Acceleration North Deceleration South
151
Do compass turning errors exist on the equator?
No
152
When do compass turning errors increase?
When flying closer to the poles
153
Are there turning errors when flying east and west headings?
No
154
When rolling into or out of turns at northerly headings, the compass will ____
Lag
155
The compass will ____ the actual heading when rolling into or out of southerly headings.
Lead
156
What does UNOS stand for?
Undershoot north overshoot south
