Awanye

Question 1

2 stages of viral replication names and meaning

Answer 1

Lytic active Infectious stage
Lysogenic : dormant or sleeping stage

Question 2

8 steps of virus lifecylce.

Answer 2

Virus attaches and enters host cell
2. Viral RNA or DNA is released into host cell’s cytoplasm
3. Viral RNA or DNA migrates to nucleus
4. Genome replication
5. Transcription
6. Translation of virus mRNA in the cytoplasm
7. Coating and assembly of virus particles
8. Release of new virus particles that can infect new host
cells

Question 3

5 routes of virus transmission…. from an infected person

Answer 3

Fecal oral
Airborne droplets
Blood contact
•blood transfusion
• accidental injury to health workers
• sharing contaminated needles and clippers
Sexual contact
animal/ insect vectors
Mother to child

Question 4

What us contained in the core of hiv

Answer 4

Integrase
Reverse trasncriptase
Protease enzyme
Other proteins

Question 5

Hiv infects the immune system list 3 parts

Answer 5

Helper t cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

Question 6

Hiv leads to low level of cd4 cells in 3 ways mainly

Answer 6

1. Direct killing by<

•as virus exits cells
•cytotoxic cd8+ Tcells
3. Induction of programmed cell death by infected or neighboring cells

Question 7

How does Hiv carry out work inside body.
1. Viral Rna…. Dna…. enzyme?
2. Cell nuceus, integrated into ? How?
3. How can hiv avoid being noticed by immune system
4. Integrated virus can be transcribed to?

Answer 7

1. Viral dna gets converted to dna by reverse transcriptase enzyme
2. Dna transported into nucleus and integrated into hosts dna by integrase enzyme.
3. Staying latent. Asymptomatic
4. New rna genomes and viral proteins

Question 8

Complications
1. Life expectancy after treatment?
2. Opportunistic infection
3. Cancer
4. Co infection

Question 9

Hiv diagnosis
Healthy adult vs infected

Answer 9

Healthy adult cd4+ cell count - 500-1500/mm3
Infected below 20/mm3

Question 11

3 Diagnostic test for Hiv

Answer 11

1. Antibody testing
2. Viral antigen testing
   3.pcr of viral dna

Question 12

Antibody testing:
Test for what?
Detectable antibody appears when
Samples for test
What is used to screen patients serum for the presence of hiv specific antigen
Elisa plate is coated w?
How many fold dilution b4 placing on plate.
If the patient is hiv+ what will show?
A substrate is added, change in colour signifies?
Antigen- antibody complex.

Answer 12

Hiv specific antigen
23-90 days
Blood or mouth swabs
Hiv specific antigen
Elisa- enzyme linked immunosorbent assah
Hiv specific antigen
400 fold dilution
Hiv specific antibody
Presence of hiv specific antibody

Question 13

Viral antigen technique
Detects presence of?
What is mixed w patients blood?
What will cause a detectable colour change?
Used for what?
Why?

Answer 13

P24 hiv capsid protein in the blood
An enzyme linked p24hiv monoclonal antibody
Presence of viral protein
Early detection
Hiv levels are high soon after infection but begins to decline.

Question 14

Pcr of viral dna
Hiv specific genes are amplified by?

Answer 14

Nucleic acid testing to check for presence of viral Rna or Dna

Question 15

Hiv treatment

Answer 15

1. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 16

Rti’s
Is hiv an rna or dna virus?
It has to be reverse transcribed into?
Why?
Rtis inhibits the activity of?
A viral dna polymerase required for what?
Prevents completion of synthesis so?

Answer 16

Hiv

Question 17

Rtis are of 3 forms namely

Answer 17

Nartis nucleotide analogies reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Nucleotide analogies reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 18

Narts and ntartis are analogies of what?
Examples includes
Nartis
Zidovudine
Stavudine
Didanosine
Lamivudine
Abacavir
Entecavire

Question 19

Eg of Ntartis

Answer 19

Tenofovir

Question 21

Eg of NNRTI

Answer 21

Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Delavirdine

Question 22

Protease inhibitors moa

Virus particles produce in the absence are?

Answer 22

Protease enzyme is necessary to produce mature virus particle.
Inhibitors blosk the….

Defective and non infectious

Question 23

Eg of PI

Answer 23

Lopinavir, indinavir, ritonovir

Question 24

Integrase inhibitors moa

Answer 24

Inhibits viral enzyme integrase

Responsible for integration of viral dna into genome of infected human immune cell.

Question 25

Best tolerated antiretroviral?

Answer 25

Integrase inhibitor

Question 26

Eg of II

Answer 26

Raltegravir, dolutegravir

Question 27

Entry Inhibitors moa What do they target?

Answer 27

Block attachment and entry of the virus to the host cell. Receptors on the helper t cells

Question 28

Eg of EI

Answer 28

Maraviroc, enfuviritide

Question 29

Inteferons moa

Answer 29

A signaling protein that trigger protective immune defense. They activate immune cells to kill infected cells

Question 30

HAART Meaning

Answer 30

Highly active antiretroviral Therapy

Question 31

What us HAART, IMPORTANCE?

Question 33

Life cycle of Hiv can be as shirt as?

Answer 33

1.5 days

Question 34

Hiv pep meaning?

Answer 34

Post exposure prophylaxis

Question 35

Pep given when? How soon? Recommended regimen Why?

Answer 35

Emtricitabine + tenofovir + raltegravur Tolerable, potent, conveniently administered, minimal drug interaction

Question 36

In the Berlin patient, bone marrow transplant Functional CCR5 cell surface co receptor that is needed for Hiv entry into a cell

Question 37

Hiv 1 receptor. CCR5 coreceptor Hiv2 receptor

Answer 37

CXCR4

Question 38

CHALLENGES OF HIV

Answer 38

1. Poor access to medical care 2. Inadequate social support 3. Mental illnes 4. Drug abuse 5. Cost 6. Complexity of treatment regimen

Question 39

Hepatitis finallyyyy😭 What is it? Affects what organ? Causes what?

Question 40

Hepatitis A And E are what?

Answer 40

Non enveloped

Question 41

Hepatitis A And B versus C symptoms.

Answer 41

Fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, yellow tinged skin. Loss of appetite, abdominal pain,diarrhoea, jaundice, fever itchy skin,

Question 42

Transmission A And E versus BCD.

Answer 42

Fecal oral Exposure to Blood and body fluids .mother to child in childbirth Sex Reuse of needles Blood transfusion Tattooing, living w infected person, acupuncture

Question 43

Complications of Hepa

Answer 43

Liver cirrhosis caused by B or C and chronic alcohol consumption Liver cancer caused by cirrhosis

Question 44

Hepatitis diagnosis 1. Antigen 2. Specific IgM antibodies 3. Pcr 4. Liver enzymes.

Answer 44

Presence of HBV, HAV surface antigen. Detection Polymerase chain reaction assets to detect and measure the amount of viral dna or rna in clinical samples. High levels- planing transferase

Question 45

Preventions of hepa 1. Vaccine 2. Good hygiene- proper sterilization 3. Proper cooking above 60 °C 4. Alcohol consumption 5. Drugs metabolised in the liver?

Question 46

Hepatitis B treatment and C.

Answer 46

Tenofovir For C Ribavirin Lover transplant

Question 47

What is Lassa fever?

Answer 47

An acute viral hemorrhagic illness caused by?

Question 49

Lassa virus Enveloped or not? Single or double stranded Bi or tri segmented? Ambisense or one sense Rna or dna virus

Question 50

Symptoms of lassa fever

Answer 50

Muscle pain Unexplained bleeding from nose mouth ear

Question 51

Transmission of lassa fever

Answer 51

Inhalation Direct contact w rat faces Contact w human blood urine faces Sexual transmission as in semen Vertical transmission- mother to child.

Question 52

Complications of lassa virus

Answer 52

10% survival for infected foetus 20% death due to multi organ failure Deafness

Question 53

Diagnosis of lassa fever 1. Pcr does what 2. Elisa Detects what? Others includes

Answer 53

1. Viral Rna 2. Specific antibodies 3. Antigen detection tests 4. Virus isolation by cell culture

Question 54

Prevention of lassa

Answer 54

Everything to stay safe from rats

Question 55

Treatment of lassa

Answer 55

1. Blood transfusion 2. Medications that relieves symptoms 3. ARibavarin - nucleoside inhibitor

Question 56

Corona Viruss!! Meaning os SARS? Zoonotic

Answer 56

Severe acute respiratory syndrome