Axilla

Question 1

What are the bony landmarks on the humerus

Answer 1

proximal head
- head
- anatomical neck
-greater tubercle
- lesser tubercle
-intertubercular sulcus

Shaft
- surgical neck
-sulcus for radial nerve (or spiral groove)
-deltoid tuberosity

Distal end
- capitulum
-trochlea
-lateral epicondyle
-coronoid fossa
-medial epicondyle
-olecranon fossa

Question 2

What is the function of the head of humerus

Answer 2

articulate with glenoid cavity

Question 3

what is the attachment for the anatomical neck of the humerus

Answer 3

glenohumeral joint capsule

Question 4

what are the three facets of the greater tubercle

Answer 4

superior
middle
inferior

Question 5

what is the superior, middle, and inferior facet attachments?

Answer 5

superior - supraspinatus muscle
middle- infraspinatus muscle
inferior- teres minor muscle

Question 6

what are the attachments for lesser tubercle on proximal end of humerus

Answer 6

subscapularis muscle

Question 7

What is the function of the intertubercle sulcus (bicipital groove)

Answer 7

accommodate the biceps brachii long head tendon

Question 8

what is the attachments of the intertubercular sulcus
- lateral lip
-medial lip
-floor

Answer 8

lateral lip - pec major muscle
medial lip - teres major
floor - latissimus dorsi

Question 9

on shaft of the humerus, what tuberosity attaches the deltoids

Answer 9

deltoid tuberosity

Question 10

what is the function of the capitulum on the distal end of humerus

Answer 10

articulates with radius

Question 11

what is the function of the trochlea on the distal end of humerus

Answer 11

articulate with trochlear notch of ulna

Question 12

what is the attachment of the lateral epicondyle on the distal end of humerus

Answer 12

common extensor tendon

Question 13

where is the supracondylar ridge located?

Answer 13

lateral epicondyle which is on the distal end of the humerus

Question 14

what attaches onto the lateral supracondylar ridge

Answer 14

extensor carpi radialis longus
brachioradialis

Question 15

what is the function of the coronoid fossa

Answer 15

accommodates the coronoid process of ulna

Question 16

what are the attachments for the medial epicondyle

Answer 16

common flexor tendon

Question 17

where is the medial supracondylar located

Answer 17

medial epicondyle

Question 18

what is the function of the olecranon fossa

Answer 18

accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna

Question 19

what are the attachments, actions, and innervation (including spinal cord segments) of the anconeus muscle

Answer 19

Anconeus (C7-8)
attachments- from lateral epicondyle of humerus to lateral surface of the olecranon process

actions- extension of the elbow

innervation- radial nerve

Question 20

what are the attachments, actions, and innervation (including spinal cord segments) of the biceps brachii

Answer 20

Biceps brachii (C5-6)
attachments- from coracoid process (short head) & supraglenoid tubercle (long head) of the scapula to the radial tuberosity & the deep antebrachial fascia (through the bicipital aponeurosis)

actions- flexion of the shoulder & elbow, & supination of the forearm

innervation- musculocutaneous nerve

Question 21

what are the attachments, actions, and innervation (including spinal cord segments) of the brachialis

Answer 21

Brachialis (C5-6)
attachments- from the distal anterior shaft of the humerus & lateral & medial intermuscular septa to the coronoid process & ulnar tuberosity

actions- flexion of the elbow

innervation- musculocutaneous & small branch from radial nerve

Question 22

what are the attachments, actions, and innervation (including spinal cord segments) of the coracobrachialis

Answer 22

Coracobrachialis (C6-7)
attachments- from the coracoid process to the proximal medial shaft of the humerus

actions- flexion & adduction of the shoulder

innervation- musculocutaneous nerve

Question 23

what are the attachments, actions, and innervation (including spinal cord segments) of the triceps brachii

Answer 23

attachments- from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula (long head), & proximal posterolateral (lateral head) & distal posteromedial (medial) shaft of the humerus to the olecranon process of the ulna

actions- extension of the shoulder (long head) & extension of the elbow (long, lateral & medial heads)

innervation- radial nerve

Question 24

what are the boundaries (6) of the axilla and brief explanation on location

Answer 24

o Apex – 1st rib, clavicle
o Base – skin of the armpit
o Anterior boundary – Pectoral muscle
o Posterior boundary – scapula, subscapular muscle
o Medial boundary: thoracic wall, serratus anterior muscle
o Lateral boundary: humerus

Question 25

what are the contents of the axillary

Answer 25

axillary artery axillary vein axillary lymph nodes 3 cords of the brachial plexus (posterior, medial, lateral)

Question 26

name the common spinal cord segments present in the 16 peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 26

roots trunks divisions cords nerves total = 16

Question 27

how many roots in brachial plexus

Answer 27

5 - ventral rami [C4(C5-T1] C4 is an exception because it is seen in dissection

Question 28

how many trunks in brachial plexus

Answer 28

3 - upper, middle, lower

Question 29

how many divisions in brachial plexus

Answer 29

6 = 3 anterior, 3 posterior

Question 30

how many cords are in brachial plexus

Answer 30

3 - medial, lateral, posterior

Question 31

how many nerves in brachial plexus

Answer 31

5 - terminal branch

Question 32

how many additional branches are in brachial plexus

Answer 32

11

Question 33

what is the function of motor (efferent) axons in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 33

carry motor signals from spinal cord to skeletal muscles for voluntary movement Ex - innervate skeletal muscle

Question 34

what is the function of sensory (afferent) axons in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 34

Carry sensory info from skin, joints, muscles to the spinal cord. Ex - impulses from skin or proprioceptive organs in muscle (touch, pain)

Question 35

what is the function of postganglionic sympathetic axons in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 35

Carry sympathetic autonomic fibers to sweat glands, arrector pili muscles (hair raising), and blood vessels in the upper limb. ex - innervate of smooth muscle of blood vessel wall.

Question 36

how are spinal nerves named as they exit the vertebral column to the spinal nerves of the brachial branch

Answer 36

C1-C7 = spinal nerves exit above corresponding vertebrae (C7--> C6-C7) C8 exits below the C7 vertebra T1 and below exit below their corresponding vertebra (T5 --> T5-T6) Brachial plexus arises from C5-T1, reflecting this

Question 37

where is the triangular space

Answer 37

Teres minor (superior) teres major (inferior) long head of triceps (medial) humerus (lateral)

Question 38

what does the triangular space contain

Answer 38

radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

Question 39

Where is the triceps hiatus

Answer 39

teres major (superior) long head of triceps (medial) humerus (lateral)

Question 40

what are the contents of the triceps hiatus

Answer 40

radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

Question 41

what is the anterior and superior compartments of the arm separated by

Answer 41

medial intermuscular septum (near all the neurovascular structures) and lateral intermuscular septum surrounded by brachial fascia

Question 42

anterior and posterior compartment of the arm functions (2)

Answer 42

shoulder and elbow flexion

Question 43

what innervates anterior compartment of the arm and its arterial supply

Answer 43

musculocutaneous nerve brachial artery

Question 44

what are the contents of the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 44

coracobrachialis biceps brachii short and long head brachialis bicipital aponeurosis (connective Tissue) biceps brachii tendon and insertion

Question 45

what innervates posterior compartment of arm and its arterial supply

Answer 45

radial nerve profunda brachii artery

Question 46

what are the contents of the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 46

triceps brachii long head medial head lateral head anconeus muscle

Question 47

what neurovascular structure would be injured based on bone fracture located at the surgical neck of the humerus, radial groove of the humerus

Answer 47

surgical neck - axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery radial groove - radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

Question 48

what are of the skin (dermatome) does C5 cover

Answer 48

lateral and upper arm (deltoid tuberosity)

Question 49

what are of the skin (dermatome) does C6 cover

Answer 49

lateral forearm and thumb

Question 50

what are of the skin (dermatome) does C7 cover

Answer 50

middle finger

Question 51

what are of the skin (dermatome) does C8 cover

Answer 51

little finger and medial palm of hand

Question 52

what are of the skin (dermatome) does T1 cover

Answer 52

medial aspect of forearm just below the medial epicondyl.

Question 53

where do the supratrochlear nodes (right hand and forearm) drain into

Answer 53

humeral nodes

Question 54

What nodes drain into the central nodes ?

Answer 54

humeral - medium deep arm and forearm pectoral -anterior thorax subscapular - posterior shoulder, thorax and scapula

Question 55

where do central nodes and infraclavicular nodes drain into

Answer 55

apical nodes

Question 56

where does the apical drain all their lymph

Answer 56

to the right subclavian trunk

Question 57

where does the right subclavian trunk lead into?

Answer 57

right subclavian vein--> right brachiocephalic vein -- > and then finally to the right atrium

Question 58

where does the entire left side of the boy drain?

Answer 58

left venous angle from thoracic duct