B Flashcards
1
Q
The only fluid tissue in the human body
A
blood
2
Q
blood is classified as a
A
connective tissue
3
Q
- Color range of blood
o Oxygen-rich blood is
o Oxygen-poor blood is
A
o Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
o Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
4
Q
pH od blood must remain between
A
7.35–7.45
5
Q
Blood temperature is ___ than body temperature
A
slightly higher
6
Q
composed of approximately 90 percent water
A
blood plasma
7
Q
blood is composed of approximately ___water
A
90 percent
8
Q
blood plasma includes many dissolved substances (6)
A
o Nutrients
o Salts (metal ions)
o Respiratory gases
o Hormones
o Proteins
o Waste products
9
Q
plasma proteins (3)
A
albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies
10
Q
Albumin –
Clotting proteins –
Antibodies –
A
Albumin –regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins –help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies –help protect the body from antigens
11
Q
–regulates osmotic pressure
A
Albumin
12
Q
–help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
A
Clotting proteins
13
Q
–help protect the body from antigens
A
Antibodies
14
Q
formed elements (2)
A
Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments
15
Q
Erythrocytes =
Leukocytes =
Platelets =
A
Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments
16
Q
the main function of Erythrocytes is to carry
A
oxygen
17
Q
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes (5)
A
- Biconcave disks
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Contain very few organelles
- Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
18
Q
erythrocytes outnumber white blood cells by
A
1000:1
19
Q
what type of nucleus does erythrocytes have
A
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
20
Q
Iron-containing protein
A
hemoglobin
21
Q
Hemoglobin binds strongly, but reversibly, to
A
oxygen
22
Q
- Each hemoglobin molecule has ___binding sites
A
four oxygen
23
Q
- Each erythrocyte has ______ molecules
A
250 million hemoglobin
24
Q
- Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
A
leukocytes
25
Type of cells that leukocytes have
complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
26
leukocytes can move in what way in blood vessels
move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
27
leukocytes can move by
ameboid motion
28
* Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
leukocytes
29
Normal levels of leukocytes in blood is between ___ cells per millimeter
4,000 and 11,000
30
above normal leukocyte levels is called
leukocytosis
31
Abnormally high leukocyte level _____ eukocytes/ml
11,000 leukocytes/ml
32
leukocytosis indicates an
infection
33
o Abnormally low leukocyte level
leukopenia
34
o Commonly caused by certain drugs
leukopenia
35
Types of leukocytes (2) and their types under
1. GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
2. AGRANULOCYTES
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
36
the___ in their cytoplasm of leukocytes can be stained
granules
37
o Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
neutrophils
38
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
neutrophils
39
o Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
40
o Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms
Eosinophils
41
o Have histamine-containing granules
Basophils
42
o Initiate inflammation
Basophils
43
o Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Agranulocytes
44
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes
45
o Nucleus fills most of the cell
Lymphocytes
46
o Play an important role in the immune response
Lymphocytes
47
o Largest of the white blood cells
Monocytes
48
o Function as macrophages
Monocytes
49
o Important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
50
* Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
platelets
51
Platelets are derived from ruptured
multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
52
* Needed for the clotting process
platelets
53
* Normal platelet count =
300,000/mm3
54
* Blood cell formation
HEMATOPOIESIS
55
HEMATOPOIESIS occurs in
red bone marrow
56
* All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
(hemocytoblast)
57
* Lymphoid stem cell produces
lymphocytes
58
Produces other formed elements
Myeloid stem
59
* Hemocytoblast differentiation (2)
* Lymphoid stem cell
* Myeloid stem cell
60
fate of erythrocytes
* Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
61
Erythrocytes wear out in
100 to 120 days
62
Erythrocytes when worn out, are eliminated by___ in the __ or ___
phagocytes
spleen or liver
63
Lost cells of Erythrocytes are replaced by
division of hemocytoblasts
64
Rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a
hormone (erythropoietin)
65
produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
kidney
66
Homeostasis is maintained by ____ from blood oxygen levels
negative feedback
67
* Stoppage of blood flow
hemostasis
68
Hemostasis is a result of a break in a
blood vessel
69
Hemostasis involves three phases
o Platelet plug formation
o Vascular spasms
o Coagulation
70
are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Collagen fibers
71
Platelets become “___” and cling to__
sticky
fibers
72
release chemicals to attract more platelets
Anchored platelets
73
* Platelets pile up to form a
platelet plug
74
Anchored platelets release
serotonin
75
causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
* Serotonin
76
narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
spasm
77
* Injured tissues release
thromboplastin
78
converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme
* Prothrombin activator
79
blood clot is formed, liquid to gel
coagulation
80
____interacts with thromboplastin blood protein clotting factors, and ___ to trigger a clotting cascade
PF3 (a phospholipid)
thromboplastin
calcium ions
81
___ joins ___ proteins into hair-like fibrin
Thrombin
fibrinogen
82
Fibrin forms a
meshwork (the basis for a clot)
83
* Blood usually clots within
3 to 6 minutes
84
* The clot remains as
endothelium regenerates
85
* The clot is broken down after
tissue repair
86
UNDESIRABLE CLOTTING (2)
thrombus
embolus
87
* A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
* Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
88
* A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Embolus
89
* Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
embolus
90
-clog vessel in brain
-clot in heart
-embolus
-thrombus
91
bleeding disorders
* Thrombocytopenia
* Hemophilia
92
o Platelet deficiency
* Thrombocytopenia
93
o Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
* Thrombocytopenia
94
o Hereditary bleeding disorder
* Hemophilia
95
o Normal clotting factors are missing
* Hemophilia
96
o Loss of __ to ___percent causes weakness
o Loss of ____percent causes shock, which can be fatal
15 to 30
over 30
97
98
are the only way to replace blood quickly
* Transfusions
99
* Blood contains genetically determined
proteins
100
may be attacked by the immune system
foreign protein (antigen)
101
* Blood is “typed” by using ___that will cause blood with certain proteins to ___
antibodies
clump (agglutination)
102
* There are over___ common red blood cell antigens
30
103
* The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by___ and ___antigens
ABO and Rh blood group
104
* Based on the presence or absence of two antigens
ABO blood groups
105
ABO Blood Groups is based on the presence or absence of two antigens
o Type A
o Type B
106
o Type A
o Type B
The lack of these antigens is called type
O
107
* The presence of both A and B is called
type AB
108
_____
Named because of the presence or absence of one of _____
Rh Blood Groups
eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
109
* Most Americans are
Rh+
110
* Danger is only when the mother is___and the father is __, and the child inherits the __
Rh–
Rh+
Rh+ factor
111
disease of the newborn, mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the ___
hemolytic disease
112
* Blood samples are mixed with
anti-A and anti-B serum
113
leads to determining blood type
* Coagulation or no coagulation
114
* Typing for___ and __ is done in the same manner
ABO and Rh factors
115
–testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
* Cross matching
116
* Sites of blood cell formation
blood
117
* The fetal ___ and __ are early sites of blood cell formation
liver and spleen
118
In the development aspects of blood
Bone marrow takes over ___ by the __
hematopoiesis
seventh month
119
___ differs from ___ produced after birth
Fetal hemoglobin
hemoglobin
120
