B

Question 1

“BA” (basic assumption) activity

Answer 1

A classification devised by Wilfred Bion for the emotional pattern of an antiwork group (as opposed to a “W” [ work group ]). BA groups can be broken down further into three subpatterns: BA dependency (in which members are overdependent on the group leader ), BA pairing (in which members are more interested in being with each other than in working on a goal), and BA fight–flight (in which members become preoccupied with either engaging in or avoiding hostile conflict ).

Question 2

band-aiding

Answer 2

The premature insertion of and misuse of support; a process of preventing clients from fully expressing their emotional pain by overly assuring them that everything will work out. For example, a counselor might assure clients that the pain they feel now will be gone after a few months.

Question 3

bar graph

Answer 3

A graph that depicts the frequency of categorical or nominal data through the use of parallel strips drawn from a common base.

Question 4

barbiturates

Answer 4

Also known as downers, rainbows, red birds, and yellow jackets. Drugs that act as sedatives and are prescribed by physicians to facilitate sleep or to control convulsions. As a street drug, barbiturates produce a euphoric mood that can shift suddenly to one of sadness.

Question 5

bargaining

Answer 5

The third stage in Elisabeth KüblerRoss’s five-stage grief process in which a person and/or his or her family may try to make promises with God for a reversal of a diagnosis or a miracle cure.

Question 6

Barnum effect

Answer 6

A description of someone’s personality that appears to be genuine but is written in such a vague way that it could apply to anyone.

Question 7

bartering

Answer 7

The practice of exchanging counseling and psychotherapy for goods or other services. Bartering has the potential for conflicts between counselors and clients and is at times ethically inappropriate.

Question 8

basal age

Answer 8

The highest year level on an intelligence test, such as the Stanford– Binet Intelligence Scale, at which a person passes all subtests. The opposite of ceiling age.

Question 9

baseline

Answer 9

A research term for the recording of the occurrence of targeted behaviors before an intervention is made. A baseline is usually a pretreatment procedure instituted so that the effectiveness of a counseling intervention can be measured. For example, a baseline might be how many times a child hits another child in a half-hour period of free play.

Question 10

basic encounter group

Answer 10

Also known as an encounter group, personal growth group, or sensitivity group. An approach to group work first established by Carl Rogers. A basic encounter group focuses on individuals’ awareness of their own emotional experiences and the behaviors of others. Emphasis is placed on the awareness and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal issues, with a special focus on personal development.

Question 11

BASIC ID

Answer 11

An acronym for the fundamental concepts in Arnold Lazarus’s multimodal therapy. The concepts are Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal relations, and Drugs.

Question 12

basic mastery

Answer 12

A concept from the microcounseling supervision model (MSM) that is defined as the ability to demonstrate chosen counseling skills during the counseling interview.

Question 13

basic mistakes

Answer 13

An Adlerian counseling concept for the myths, irrational beliefs (IBs), and self-defeating perceptions that are a part of a person’s lifestyle. Basic mistakes include overgeneralization, false or impossible goals of security, misperceptions of life demands, denial of one’s self-worth, and faulty values.

Question 14

basic needs

Answer 14

The lower needs on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. At the base of the hierarchy are physiological needs, followed by safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. See hierarchy of needs.

Question 15

basic psychological needs

Answer 15

Inner resources important to survival that are universal in nature and include the need for relatedness, competence, and autonomy.

Question 16

basic research

Answer 16

Research conducted for the purpose of theory development or refinement, such as research conducted on the effectiveness of Adlerian theory. The opposite of applied research.

Question 17

BATHE technique

Answer 17

An assessment method of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model that focuses on five specific areas that lay the groundwork for working collaboratively with a client : Background, Affect, Trouble, Handling, and Empathy .

Question 18

batterer

Answer 18

A person who is physically abusive; a perpetrator of abuse .

Question 19

battery (2 definitions)

Answer 19

1. A group of several tests used to evaluate an individual or group of persons. See also test battery. 2. Abuse that involves physical force, such as hitting someone.

Question 20

battle for initiative

Answer 20

A process by which a counselor gets a client to become motivated to make changes through stressing the need and urgency for doing so. Clients must win the battle for initiative if counseling is to be effective.

Question 21

battle for structure

Answer 21

The struggle to establish the counseling parameters under which counseling is conducted (e.g., time limits, frequency of sessions). Counselors must win the battle for structure if counseling is to be effective.

Question 22

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Answer 22

A 21 item self-report measure of depression (www. beckinstitute.org). The BDI is easily administered, scored, and interpreted, with high reliability and validity components.

Question 23

becoming (2 definitions)

Answer 23

1. An existential and developmental term for growth, especially that which is psychological. 2. Gordon Allport’s term for the human tendency to move toward growth and self-actualization. This term is often used in humanistic counseling/ existential counseling.

Question 24

before– after design

Answer 24

An experimental design in which both the experimental group and control group are given a pretest and then a posttest to assess what kind of effect the intervention in the experiment made.

Question 25

behavior

Answer 25

Any movement or response (i.e., action or reaction) by an individual or group to external or internal stimuli.

Question 26

behavior modification

Answer 26

A general term for behavioral methods used in altering behaviors, especially through the use of conditioning. Behavior modification is most often applied in educational environments or with clients undergoing treatment.

Question 27

behavior therapy

Answer 27

An approach that focuses on the collective behaviorist point of view. The emphasis of behavior therapy is on the removal or elimination of dysfunctional behaviors and the instilling of new functional behaviors.

Question 28

behavioral assessment

Answer 28

A means of systematically gathering and analyzing information on a set of behaviors to apply the findings to treatment of the behaviors.

Question 29

behavioral counseling

Answer 29

A behavioral approach to counseling based on learning principles. The approach focuses on dealing with clients’ behaviors directly to produce change.

Question 30

behavioral determinist

Answer 30

A counselor or helping professional who emphasizes learning as the primary determinant of human actions. B. F. Skinner is a prime example of a behavioral determinist.

Question 31

behavioral family counseling

Answer 31

A school of family therapy that is primarily nonsystemic and that stresses the importance of learning. Behavioral family counseling emphasizes the importance of family rules and skill training and the belief that behaviors are determined by consequences rather than antecedents. The goals of behavioral family counseling are specific. Work is usually limited to three main areas: behavioral parent education, behavioral marriage counseling, and treatment of sexual dysfunction.

Question 32

behavioral groups

Answer 32

Either interpersonal or transactional groups, depending on the purposes of the leader and members. Interpersonal groups are highly didactic and involve specified goals that usually center on self-improvement. Transactional groups are more heterogeneous and focus on broader, yet specific, goals.

Question 33

behavioral objective

Answer 33

A specific behavioral outcome that is observable and that is agreed on beforehand to be the target of an intervention, for example, walking or talking in a particular way.

Question 34

behavioral parent education

Answer 34

An approach associated with direct change and manipulation. Parents are trained to be change agents and to record and reinforce certain prosocial and adaptive behaviors in their children.

Question 35

behavioral processes

Answer 35

Processes closely associated with overt behavior .

Question 36

behavioral rehearsal

Answer 36

Procedures that involve practicing a desired behavior until it is learned and performed the way one wishes, for example, asking for directions. The process consists of gradually shaping a behavior and getting corrective feedback.

Question 37

behaviorism

Answer 37

A school of thought that began in the United States with the work of John B. Watson. Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli and the importance of reward in the learning and conditioning of behavior.

Question 38

behaviorist

Answer 38

A clinician who ascribes to the tenets of behavior therapy and who usually emphasizes overt behavior techniques and processes, such as the changing of maladaptive actions, over other techniques and processes.

Question 39

being

Answer 39

A humanistic and existential term for the individual’s concept of self.

Question 40

being-in-the-world

Answer 40

An existential term derived from the German word Dasein, which refers to examining oneself, others, and one’s relationship with the world and thus attaining higher levels of consciousness.

Question 41

bell-shaped curve

Answer 41

A curve obtained by plotting the frequency of a normal distribution.

Question 42

belonging

Answer 42

An innate need or drive in human life to associate with others and be gregarious. Belonging leads individuals to seek out relationships and involvement with fellow human beings. One of four primary psychological needs according to William Glasser.

Question 43

Bender Gestalt Test

Answer 43

An evaluative test, officially called the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, in which clients are asked to copy on a blank sheet of paper nine cards containing abstract designs. The test was designed to measure visual-motor integration and function in children ages 5 to 11 years. Aspects of personality, such as impulsivity, anxiety, and aggression, are also revealed in the test.

Question 44

beneficence

Answer 44

An ethical principle that stresses promoting the good of others.

Question 45

bennies

Answer 45

A lay term for amphetamines .

Question 46

benzodiazepines

Answer 46

A group of prescription drugs that are widely used in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia; they include diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and triazolam (Halcion). Benzodiazepines can be addictive. They often are used as street drugs to treat the adverse effects of cocaine, heroin, and alcohol.

Question 47

bereavement

Answer 47

A grief reaction associated with the loss of a loved one.

Question 48

between-groups design

Answer 48

A research design that uses a separate sample of participants for each treatment condition and then statistically compares the results between the different groups.

Question 49

bias (2 definitions)

Answer 49

1. Preference, prejudice, or an attitude in the form of likes, dislikes, interests, and priorities toward an individual, idea, or group. 2. A systematic, as opposed to random, error in research (e.g., improper sampling , the misuse of statistics ).

Question 50

bibliotherapy

Answer 50

Also known as bibliocounseling. A term derived from the Greek words biblion (“book”) and therapeio (“healing”). Bibliotherapy is generally understood to be the reading of selected literature to help individuals gain a better understanding of themselves and others as well as to produce at times a healing or helpful catharsis. See also scriptotherapy.

Question 51

Big Book

Answer 51

A guide book used in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) full of stories of individuals fighting alcohol addiction.

Question 52

Big Five

Answer 52

A model of personality that classifies personality traits along five bipolar dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism ( OCEAN ).

Question 53

Big Four feeling words

Answer 53

Four common words counselors often use: anger, sadness, fear, and joy.

Question 54

bimodal distribution

Answer 54

A frequency distribution in which two values occur with the same frequency.

Question 55

binge drinking

Answer 55

The consumption of five or more drinks of alcohol for men or four or more drinks of alcohol for women at one 2-hour sitting.

Question 56

binge eating

Answer 56

The consumption of excessive amounts of food over a relatively brief period of time with a lack of self-control over the volume of food eaten.

Question 57

binuclear family

Answer 57

A postdivorce family structure in which ex-spouses reside in separate but interrelated households. The two interrelated family households comprise one family system.

Question 58

bioecological model

Answer 58

A model of human development that focuses on the settings in which development occurs and on the interaction of individuals within and across those settings. The model integrates the various components that contribute to developmental outcomes, including the individual, the environment, and the processes of interaction that affect the individual in that environment.

Question 59

biofeedback

Answer 59

A behavior therapy process that involves the training of individuals to control or change automatic responses (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, and brain-wave activity) once thought to be involuntary. In biofeedback therapy, mechanical instruments provide information about a client’s physiological processes. The client then controls these processes through self-monitoring, even though he or she may be unsure as to how these processes are being modified.

Question 60

biographic inventory

Answer 60

A questionnaire used to obtain information about a person’s background and experiences.

Question 61

biological components of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model

Answer 61

These components include physical, biochemical, and genetic factors that influence mental health .

Question 62

biomedical model

Answer 62

A model of health and functioning steeped in the language of medicine. Major psychological disorders are equated with pathology .

Question 63

biopsychosocial (BPS) model

Answer 63

An approach to medicine and mental health that recognizes the interrelated and integrated roles played by biology, psychology, and social/cultural factors in the maintenance of wellness and the understanding of illness.

Question 64

bipolar disorder

Answer 64

Formerly known as manic-depressive illness. A disorder (with several variations) characterized by maladaptive mood swings that vary from being manic (e.g., hyperactive, euphoric) to being depressed (e.g., low in self-esteem, sad).

Question 65

birth order (2 definitions)

Answer 65

1. The position a child occupies in a family. 2. Five ordinal positions are emphasized in Adlerian counseling: firstborns, children born second, middle children, youngest children, and the only child. Adler believed that birth order was a determinant of personality and that individuals with the same birth order had more in common (in regard to experiences and approaches to life) than siblings.

Question 66

birth trauma

Answer 66

1. The shock of birth described by Otto Rank as being the basis of all other human anxieties. 2. Physical damage occurring to a child at birth.

Question 67

black box warning labels

Answer 67

An attached warning put on medications that emphasizes the adverse side effects of the medicine, such as the increased risk of suicidal ideation among young people who take antidepressants.

Question 68

blackout

Answer 68

A term used for a loss of memory due to physical or emotional factors.

Question 69

blamer

Answer 69

A person, according to Virginia Satir, who attempts to place blame on others and not take responsibility for what he or she is doing.

Question 70

blaming the victim

Answer 70

When people who have suffered a wrongful act are held partially or totally responsible for the harm that has befallen them.

Question 71

blind self

Answer 71

One of the four quadrants in the Johari awareness model. The blind self is known to others but not to the self.

Question 72

blocking (2 definitions)

Answer 72

1. The suppression of painful feelings and thoughts by a client. 2. In group counseling or family counseling, a technique of protecting vulnerable members in which the leader intervenes to stop counterproductive behavior. This intervention can be done verbally or nonverbally through hand signals or other behaviors.

Question 73

blocking role

Answer 73

An antigroup member role. Individuals who take on this role act as aggressors, dominators, recognition seekers, and self-righteous moralists.

Question 74

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 74

A somatoform disorder characterized by an imagined defect in a person’s appearance and a preoccupation with that flaw.

Question 75

body language

Answer 75

Nonverbal communication (e.g., hand tapping) associated with body posture and movement. Body language is emphasized in many counseling approaches, such as gestalt therapy.

Question 76

Bogust v. Iverson

Answer 76

A 1960 case ruling that a counselor with a doctoral degree could not be held liable for the suicide of one of his clients because counselors were “mere teachers” who received training in a department of education. It was not until 1971 in an Iowa Law Review Note that counselors were legally recognized as professionals who provided personal as well as vocational and educational counseling .

Question 77

bonding (2 definitions)

Answer 77

1. An emotional and physical process that occurs between a mother and a child early in the baby’s life that brings them close together. A failure to bond may lead to neglect or abuse. 2. Cohesion within a group.

Question 78

boomerang generation

Answer 78

A term for young adults graduating from high school and college in the 21st century in Western cultures who choose to share a home with their parents after previously living on their own— thus boomeranging back to their parents’ residence.

Question 79

borderline personality

Answer 79

A personality disorder characterized by impulsive, unpredictable, and often self-destructive behaviors; intense mood swings; chronic boredom; manipulation of others for short-term gain; uncontrollable anger; and maladaptive patterns of relating to others.

Question 80

Boston Vocational Bureau

Answer 80

An agency set up by Frank Parsons in 1908 to offer career services to youth who needed to choose a vocation ; the place where career counseling began.

Question 81

Boston’s Civic Service House (CSH)

Answer 81

An organization and physical facility set up in 1901 to meet food, shelter, clothing, education, and employment needs of immigrants. It was at the CSH that Frank Parsons started the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908, which was the beginning of counseling.

Question 82

boundaries (3 definitions)

Answer 82

1. The physical and psychological factors that separate people from one another and organize them. 2. The parameters under which counselors operate their sessions, such as starting and ending on time. 3. The interpersonal borders between counselors and their supervisees where counselors, with more knowledge and experience, help supervisees learn the art and science of being a counselor.

Question 83

boundary making

Answer 83

The process of creating lines that separate people or subsystems from each other psychologically to maximize individual and group development and functioning.

Question 84

Bowen family therapy

Answer 84

A therapeutic approach that focuses on differentiating one’s thoughts from one’s emotions and oneself from others. Techniques in this approach focus on ways to differentiate oneself from one’s extended family of origin. In the process, there is an attempt to create an individuated person with a healthy self-concept who will not experience undue anxiety when relationships become stressful. Ways of achieving this goal include assessing self and family through a genogram and focusing on cognitive processes, such as asking content -based questions of one’s family (e.g., “How many siblings did you have?”). The therapeutic interaction takes place with both spouses together or with an individual.

Question 85

bracketing

Answer 85

The intentional separation of a counselor’s personal values from his or her professional values to provide ethical and appropriate counseling to all clients.

Question 86

brainstorming

Answer 86

A way to stimulate divergent thinking. It requires an initial generating of ideas in a nonjudgmental manner within a group. The premise of this approach is that creativity is often held back because of the critical evaluation of ideas and actions. brainstorming.

Question 87

brief counseling

Answer 87

Also known as brief therapy. An approach to working with clients that generally requires 10 sessions or fewer. However, brief therapy has to do more with clarity about what needs to be changed rather than time. A central principle of brief therapy is that one evaluates which solutions have been attempted so far (without success) and then tries new and different solutions to the problem. These new solutions are often the opposite of what has already been attempted.

Question 88

Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)

Answer 88

A checklist often used during intake sessions in mental health settings.

Question 89

BRIMS

Answer 89

An acronym for managing stress (Breathing, Relaxing, Imagery, Message, and Signs). This program is a type of cognitive self-hypnosis that helps students relax both physically and mentally while giving themselves positive messages and physical signs that help them recall constructive ways of feeling and viewing a situation.

Question 90

broaching

Answer 90

When the counselor listens for the relevance of culture and introduces that influence explicitly as part of the presenting issue of the client

Question 91

broadband assessment instruments

Answer 91

Tests that measure a wide range of characteristics, behaviors, and symptoms and that are usually used for initial diagnostic purposes (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] ).

Question 92

Bruff v. North Mississippi Health Services, Inc.

Answer 92

A legal case in which a therapist refused on religious grounds to treat an openly lesbian woman who requested assistance in having better sexual relations with her partner. The court found that providing counseling only on issues that do not conflict with a counselor’s religious beliefs is an inflexible position not protected by the law. Ethically speaking, the moral principles of justice (fairness), beneficence (doing good), nonmaleficence (doing no harm), and respect for autonomy all applied to this case.

Question 93

bruxism

Answer 93

Grinding one’s teeth, usually when asleep.

Question 94

bubbles

Answer 94

An informal term for the flaws found in all research methods.

Question 95

bulimia

Answer 95

An eating disorder characterized by periods of binge eating followed by purging.

Question 96

burnout

Answer 96

A state of being emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions meaningfully. Burnout may exist simultaneously with compassion fatigue.

Question 97

Buros Institute of Mental Measurements

Answer 97

An institute set up by Oscar and Lucella Buros at the University of Nebraska– Lincoln to continue their work in advancing the field of measurement. The Buros Institute encourages improved test development and measurement research. The institute publishes important works in the measurement field, including the Mental Measurements Yearbook and Tests in Print (TIP), published by the University of Nebraska Press, 312 North 14th Street, PO Box 880484, Lincoln, NE 68588-0484 (www.unl.edu/buros).