B Flashcards
“BA” (basic assumption) activity
A classification devised by Wilfred Bion for the emotional pattern of an antiwork group (as opposed to a “W” [ work group ]). BA groups can be broken down further into three subpatterns: BA dependency (in which members are overdependent on the group leader ), BA pairing (in which members are more interested in being with each other than in working on a goal), and BA fight–flight (in which members become preoccupied with either engaging in or avoiding hostile conflict ).
band-aiding
The premature insertion of and misuse of support; a process of preventing clients from fully expressing their emotional pain by overly assuring them that everything will work out. For example, a counselor might assure clients that the pain they feel now will be gone after a few months.
bar graph
A graph that depicts the frequency of categorical or nominal data through the use of parallel strips drawn from a common base.
barbiturates
Also known as downers, rainbows, red birds, and yellow jackets. Drugs that act as sedatives and are prescribed by physicians to facilitate sleep or to control convulsions. As a street drug, barbiturates produce a euphoric mood that can shift suddenly to one of sadness.
bargaining
The third stage in Elisabeth KüblerRoss’s five-stage grief process in which a person and/or his or her family may try to make promises with God for a reversal of a diagnosis or a miracle cure.
Barnum effect
A description of someone’s personality that appears to be genuine but is written in such a vague way that it could apply to anyone.
bartering
The practice of exchanging counseling and psychotherapy for goods or other services. Bartering has the potential for conflicts between counselors and clients and is at times ethically inappropriate.
basal age
The highest year level on an intelligence test, such as the Stanford– Binet Intelligence Scale, at which a person passes all subtests. The opposite of ceiling age.
baseline
A research term for the recording of the occurrence of targeted behaviors before an intervention is made. A baseline is usually a pretreatment procedure instituted so that the effectiveness of a counseling intervention can be measured. For example, a baseline might be how many times a child hits another child in a half-hour period of free play.
basic encounter group
Also known as an encounter group, personal growth group, or sensitivity group. An approach to group work first established by Carl Rogers. A basic encounter group focuses on individuals’ awareness of their own emotional experiences and the behaviors of others. Emphasis is placed on the awareness and exploration of intrapsychic and interpersonal issues, with a special focus on personal development.
BASIC ID
An acronym for the fundamental concepts in Arnold Lazarus’s multimodal therapy. The concepts are Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal relations, and Drugs.
basic mastery
A concept from the microcounseling supervision model (MSM) that is defined as the ability to demonstrate chosen counseling skills during the counseling interview.
basic mistakes
An Adlerian counseling concept for the myths, irrational beliefs (IBs), and self-defeating perceptions that are a part of a person’s lifestyle. Basic mistakes include overgeneralization, false or impossible goals of security, misperceptions of life demands, denial of one’s self-worth, and faulty values.
basic needs
The lower needs on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. At the base of the hierarchy are physiological needs, followed by safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. See hierarchy of needs.
basic psychological needs
Inner resources important to survival that are universal in nature and include the need for relatedness, competence, and autonomy.
basic research
Research conducted for the purpose of theory development or refinement, such as research conducted on the effectiveness of Adlerian theory. The opposite of applied research.
BATHE technique
An assessment method of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model that focuses on five specific areas that lay the groundwork for working collaboratively with a client : Background, Affect, Trouble, Handling, and Empathy .
batterer
A person who is physically abusive; a perpetrator of abuse .
battery (2 definitions)
- A group of several tests used to evaluate an individual or group of persons. See also test battery. 2. Abuse that involves physical force, such as hitting someone.
battle for initiative
A process by which a counselor gets a client to become motivated to make changes through stressing the need and urgency for doing so. Clients must win the battle for initiative if counseling is to be effective.
battle for structure
The struggle to establish the counseling parameters under which counseling is conducted (e.g., time limits, frequency of sessions). Counselors must win the battle for structure if counseling is to be effective.
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
A 21 item self-report measure of depression (www. beckinstitute.org). The BDI is easily administered, scored, and interpreted, with high reliability and validity components.
becoming (2 definitions)
- An existential and developmental term for growth, especially that which is psychological. 2. Gordon Allport’s term for the human tendency to move toward growth and self-actualization. This term is often used in humanistic counseling/ existential counseling.
before– after design
An experimental design in which both the experimental group and control group are given a pretest and then a posttest to assess what kind of effect the intervention in the experiment made.
behavior
Any movement or response (i.e., action or reaction) by an individual or group to external or internal stimuli.
behavior modification
A general term for behavioral methods used in altering behaviors, especially through the use of conditioning. Behavior modification is most often applied in educational environments or with clients undergoing treatment.
behavior therapy
An approach that focuses on the collective behaviorist point of view. The emphasis of behavior therapy is on the removal or elimination of dysfunctional behaviors and the instilling of new functional behaviors.
behavioral assessment
A means of systematically gathering and analyzing information on a set of behaviors to apply the findings to treatment of the behaviors.
behavioral counseling
A behavioral approach to counseling based on learning principles. The approach focuses on dealing with clients’ behaviors directly to produce change.
behavioral determinist
A counselor or helping professional who emphasizes learning as the primary determinant of human actions. B. F. Skinner is a prime example of a behavioral determinist.
behavioral family counseling
A school of family therapy that is primarily nonsystemic and that stresses the importance of learning. Behavioral family counseling emphasizes the importance of family rules and skill training and the belief that behaviors are determined by consequences rather than antecedents. The goals of behavioral family counseling are specific. Work is usually limited to three main areas: behavioral parent education, behavioral marriage counseling, and treatment of sexual dysfunction.
behavioral groups
Either interpersonal or transactional groups, depending on the purposes of the leader and members. Interpersonal groups are highly didactic and involve specified goals that usually center on self-improvement. Transactional groups are more heterogeneous and focus on broader, yet specific, goals.
behavioral objective
A specific behavioral outcome that is observable and that is agreed on beforehand to be the target of an intervention, for example, walking or talking in a particular way.
behavioral parent education
An approach associated with direct change and manipulation. Parents are trained to be change agents and to record and reinforce certain prosocial and adaptive behaviors in their children.
behavioral processes
Processes closely associated with overt behavior .
behavioral rehearsal
Procedures that involve practicing a desired behavior until it is learned and performed the way one wishes, for example, asking for directions. The process consists of gradually shaping a behavior and getting corrective feedback.
behaviorism
A school of thought that began in the United States with the work of John B. Watson. Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli and the importance of reward in the learning and conditioning of behavior.
behaviorist
A clinician who ascribes to the tenets of behavior therapy and who usually emphasizes overt behavior techniques and processes, such as the changing of maladaptive actions, over other techniques and processes.
