B/B Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are restriciton enzymes used for
A
cut dsDNA at specific points
2
Q
restriction enzymes requirements
A
palindromic sequence
3
Q
palindromic sequence
A
A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on the complementary strand.
4
Q
Endonucleases
A
break up the phosphodiester bond in the middle of DNA –> restriction enzymes
5
Q
Exonucleases
A
cleave phosphosiester bonds at the ends of a DNA strand
6
Q
Acyltransferase
A
transfer acyl chains
7
Q
Kinase
A
tranfer phosphate groups
8
Q
restriction enzymes cleavage types
A
sticky ends and blunt ends
9
Q
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
A
refer to the different lengths of nucleotides following restriction enzyme digestion
10
Q
origin of restriction enzymes
A
bacteria use restriction enzyme to protect against foreign genetic material
11
Q
What type of reaction is peptide bond formation
A
condensation
produces H2O as a byproduct
12
Q
rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway
A
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
13
Q
uncompetitive inhibititors affect of Km and Vmax
A
reduced, reduced
14
Q
mixed inhibitors affect on Km and Vmax
A
Km may increase or decrease
Vmax reduces
15
Q
noncompetitive binding
A
allosteric and active site
16
Q
mixed binding
A
allosteric and active site
17
Q
competitive binding
A
active site
18
Q
inhibitor in an unchanged ratio of Vmax/Km
A
uncompetitive
19
Q
breakdown of glycogen to monomeric form
A
glycogen phosphoylase
glycogen to glucose
20
Q
Amylose branching
A
is not branched
21
Q
amylopectin branching
A
is branched
22
Q
how branching affects release of monomers
A
easier
23
Q
bond that makes up cellulose
A
beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
24
Q
starch in plants
A
storage for glucose
25
glycogen in humans
storage for glucose
26
cellular amino acids at physiological pH
= carboxylic acid group
= amino group
amino group is protonated
| COOH is deprotonated
27
Proline in alpha helix and beta sheets
helps in formation of alpha helices as well as hairpin loops between beta sheets
28
Disulphide linkages affect what structures
tertiary and quantanary
29
Rate law of SN1 reaction
Rate=k[substrate]
30
Rate law of SN2 reaction
Rate=k[substrate][Nucleophile]
31
aliphatic
alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and valine
non-polar and hydrophobic
32
ATP and GTP required for the polymerization of Amino acids
1 ATP 2 GTP
33
glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme
PFK
34
gluconeogenesis rate-limiting enzyme
F-1,6-BPhosphatase
35
glycogenolysis rate-limiting enzyme
glycogen phosphorylase
36
glycogenesis rate-limiting enzyme
glycogen synthase
37
HMP rate-limiting enzyme
G6PDehydrogenase
38
TCA rate-limiting enzyme
isocitrate dehydrogenase
39
ETC rate-limiting enzyme
cytochrome oxidase
40
Beta Oxidartion rate-limiting enzyme
arnitine acyltransferase
41
FA synthesis rate-limiting enzyme
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
42
cholesterol rate-limiting enzyme
HMG-CoA Reductase
43
only AA which has an R configuration
Cysteine
44
probability of gene expression if present
Penetrance
45
how much a geneotype is expressed as phenotype
Expressivity
46
Big 5 personality traits
OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
47
Freud psychosexual stages
Old Ass Parrots Love Grapes - oral (0-1), anal (1-3), phallic (3-6), latent (6-puberty), genital (puberty +)
48
Maslow Hierarchy
Please (physiological) Stop (safety) Buying (belonging/love) Stupid (self esteem) Shit (self-actualization)
49
Cognitive abilities that decrease with age:
DERP - divided attn, episodic memory (events, experiences), recall, processing speed
50
Limbic System
HIPPO HAT - hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus
51
TCA intermed
Prostitutes (pyruvate) Ask (acetyl-CoA), Can (Citrate), I (isocitrate) Keep (a-ketoglut) Selling (Succinyl-CoA) Sex (succinate) For (fumarate) Money (malate) Officer (oxaloacetate)?
52
Sensory
Afferent
53
Motor
Efferent
54
Dorsal
Afferent
55
Ventral
Efferent
56
White matter
white = myelinated and is on the inside of the brain/outside of the spinal cord
57
Grey matter
grey is on the outside of the brain and inside of the spinal cord
58
Na+/K+ ATPase
Na Na Na get out (3 Na+ out), ok ok come in (2 K+ in) - overall net positive charge sent out keeps membrane polarized
59
Corticosteroids
made in
function
(all made in adrenal cortex) salt, sex, sugar
60
adrenal cortex is made from
mesoderm
61
adrenal medulla is made from
ectoderm
62
Total lung capacity
Risidual Volume + Vital Capacity
63
primary oocyte arrests in
Pro 1
64
secondary oocyte arrests in
meta ii
65
sperm pathway
SEVEN UP
66
The power stroke occurs via
the release of ADP + Pi NOT via the addition of ATP
67
ORGANIC Solvents polarity
hydrophobic
68
Mercapto effect on protein
Breakdown Hydrogen Bonds
69
Salinity effect on protein
Breakdown 3+4 ionic + Intermolecular Hydrogen bonds = electrostatic interxn
70
pH effect on protein
Breakdown Disulfide covalent bonds
71
Heat effect on protein
Breakdown everything
72
UREA effect on protein
Breakdown all bonds
73
Waves of increasing frequency
Real (radio) Men (microwave) Inject (IR) Viagra (Visible) Until (UV) Xplosive (Xray) Growth (Gamma)
74
Hyperopia
Converging lens Farsighted Behind retina
75
Myopia
Nearsighted in Front of retina
76
Glycolysis intermediates:
Goodness Gracious Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins to Prepare Pie:
Glucose
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
77
Glycolysis enzymes:
High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every Place:
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Aldase A
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
78
Pyruvate Dehydrogenation Complex (PDC)
TLC? Fuck No.
E1: TPP
E2: Lipoic Acid and Coenzyme A
E3: FAD and NAD+
79
TCA cycle intermediates:
Citrate Is Krebs' Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate:
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
80
TCA cycle Enzymes:
CAIK Sounds So Fucking Mint:
Citrate synthase
Aconitase
Iso-citrate dehydrogenase
Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinyl-coA synthetase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Fumerase
Malate dehydrogenase
81
S --- Southern blot
D --- DNA
82
N --- Northern blot
R --- RNA
83
W --- Western blot
P --- Protein
84
James-Lange
Stimulus -> Physiological Response -> Interpretation -> Emotion
"I'm horny because I'm hard"
85
Cannon-Bard:
Stimulus -> Physiological response and emotion
| "I'm hard and I'm horny"
86
Schacter-Singer:
Stimulus -> Physiological response -> Analysis -> Emotion
| "Why am I hard? (Analysis about what the physiological response means) Oh, I'm with bae"
87
Lazarus
Stimulus -> Interpretation -> Emotion and Physiological response
88
Piaget stages of development
Stupid Penguins Can't Fly
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
89
PI of Neutral Amino Acid
(PKa NH group + PKa COOH group)/2
90
PI of Acidic Amino Acid:
(PKa R group + PKa COOH group)/2
91
PI of Basic Amino Acid:
(PKa R group + PKa NH group)/2
92
pI of charged amino acids
DEHKR
with H in the middle at 8
93
Pyrimidines
CUT Pye: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine are Pyramidines
94
Purines
Pure As Gold: Guanine and Adenine are Purines
95
strong acids
H2SO4
HBr
HI
HNO3
HCl, HClO4
96
Mnemonic for structure of important monosaccharides:
First, put your thumb up and curl your fingers in to represent the =O and -OH groups.
F**k Glucose and Fructose (middle finger out)
Marry Galactose (ring finger out)
Kill Mannose (pointer & middle fingers out)
97
Insulin affect on glycolysis
activates PFK-2 to build up enough F2,6BP to activate PFK-1.
98
Strong bases
NaOH, Na2O, CaOH, CaO,
99
Kinase
ADDs P to molecule from ATP
100
Phosphorylase
ADDs inorganic P to molecule
101
Phosphatase
REMOVES P using hydrolysis
102
beta -
increase in ATOMIC NUMBER
103
beta+
decrease in ATOMIC NUMBER
104
Personality disorders A
weird
105
Personality disorders B
wild
106
Personality disorders C
worried
- aviodant, OCD, dependent
107
electrochemical cell reduction and oxidation
he RED CAT (reduction at cathode) at AN OX (oxidation at anode).
108
What is made is a phosphate pathway (2)
NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
109
cholesterol/steroid hormones units
isoprene
110
Stimulates ovulation
LH
111
Raises in LUTEAL phase
progestrone alot
estrogen
112
carbons in citrate
6
113
carbons in isocitrate
6
114
carbons in a-ketogluarate
5
115
carbons in succinyl-Coa
4
116
Mneomic for pKa of Amino acids
Don't Express Hate, Create Your Kindness Right
3.7, 4.3, 6, 8, 10, 10.5, 12
(D: aspartic acid, E: glutamic acid, H: histidine, C: cysteine, Y: tyrosine, K: lysine, R: arginine)
117
carboxy-terminal has a pKa of
2
118
amino has a pKa of
9-10
