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Anatomy Section 6 > b - Motility and Intestines > Flashcards

b - Motility and Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the stomach is the largest in a newborn?

A

-abomasum
*hypertrophy is the late gestation
-60% the size of an adult
-important for drinking milk

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2
Q

In early fetal life, proportions of forestomach’s and abomasum closely resemble that of:

A

-an adult

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3
Q

Stomach proportions: newborn to 3 months of age

A

-everything else catches up in growth
-abomasum slows down

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4
Q

Stomach proportions: 3 months to adult

A

-larger rumen
-intestinal mass is pushed to right side

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5
Q

Non-pregnant vs. pregnant:

A

-gravid uterus slides underneath the rumen
>can lead to displaced abomasum
>pregnancy toxemia

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6
Q

Displaced abomasum due to:

A

-energy requirements have increased=increased grain=lead to no contractions in abomasum
>fluid and gas build up
-can shift to the LEFT (body wall and rumen) or
>right=very serious
*effects its function=inappetence and weight loss

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7
Q

Pregnancy toxemia: (sheep)

A

-higher energy demand
-less space for rumen to take up
-can’t consume enough feed to meet their energy requirements

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8
Q

Vasculature: celiac

A

-splenic
-left gastric
-hepatic

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9
Q

Splenic:

A

-left and right ruminal
-reticular

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10
Q

Left gastric artery:

A

-left gastroepiploic
-accessory reticular
-+/- ruminal

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11
Q

Hepatic artery:

A

-right gastric
-right gastroepiploic
-gastro-duodenal

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12
Q

What veins join and open into the portal vein?

A

-gastric
-splenic

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13
Q

Innervation of the rumen:

A
  1. Parasympathetic: dorsal and ventral vagus
  2. Sympathetic: splanchnic nerves
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14
Q

Dorsal vagus:

A

*rumen wall
-reticular groove
-reticulo-omasal opening
-omasum
-abomasum

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15
Q

Ventral vagus:

A

*reticulum
-reticular groove
-omasum
-abomasum

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16
Q

Where are the majority of sensory receptors?

A

-reticulum
-abomasum
*pressure and tension (mechanoreceptors)
>also sensitive to pH & metabolites (chemoreceptors)

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17
Q

What are the effects on the rumen of de-nervation of the dorsal vagal trunk?

A

-lack of rumen contraction
>fermentation release gases, if can’t contract=blot
*not necessarily permanent

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18
Q

What are the effects on the rumen of de-nervation of the ventral vagal trunk?

A

-varies from no change to near complete paralysis of forestomach’s

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19
Q

De-nervation of both dorsal and ventral vagus:

A

-stops rumen motility, eructation, rumination and reticular groove reflex
*continued eating results in distension and bloat
>death occurs in 3-4 weeks

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20
Q

Vagal indigestion:

A

-irritation of nerves=decrease rumen motility

21
Q

Rumen movements:

A

-primary or mixing contraction
-regurgitation (rumination)
-secondary or eructational contraction

22
Q

Primary contraction:

A

-reticular part is biphasic
-2nd contraction floods cardia prior to inspiratory effect
-rapid peristaltic curve transport cud up to pharynx for re-mastication

23
Q

Secondary or eructational contraction:

A

-primary contraction starts
-moves from dorsal caudal blind sac and now moves caudal to cranial
-moves gas pocket so it is over cardia and gas will exit the esophagus

24
Q

Rumino-reticulum movements;

A

-biphasic reticular contraction
-contraction of dorsal sac: cranio-caudal direction (palpated in left paralumbar fossa, 2-3/min)
>followed by contraction of ventral sac

25
Q

Regurgitation of food movement:

A

-after reticular contraction
-ingesta draw into esophagus by inspiration against closed glottis
>carried orally by antiperistaltic wave
-heavily remasticated cud tends to drop from cardia into reticulum

26
Q

Eructation movement:

A

-no reticular contraction
-ruminal movement originates at ventral sac and then dorsal sac extending caudo-cranially
-some gas escapes from mouth, but part of it goes to lungs

27
Q

Omasum movement:

A

-biphasic contractions
1. Squeezes ingesta from omasal canal into recesses between omasal laminae
2. Mass contraction squeezing fluid from within the recesses

28
Q

Abomasum movement:

A

-sluggish
-more powerful peristalsis occurs toward pyloric part
-failure to contract could result from distension with ingesta (pain stimuli) and displacement

29
Q

Intestinal mass location and size

A

-right of mid-line
-50m long
-suspended by great mesentery
>in a series of festoons SI) or long coils (LI)
-lies within supra-omental recess

30
Q

Duodenum:

A

-passes dorsally to form s-shaped curve
-descending: embedded within greater omentum
-turns cranially around caudal border of omental sling
-ascending: passes to L and caudal of mesenteric root

31
Q

Jejunum:

A

-series of festoons about the fringe of mesentery
-position depends on fullness of rumen and size of uterus
-mostly within supraomental recess, but may spill out behind rumen and against left flank

32
Q

Ileum:

A

-extent defined by ileocecal fold
-opens into cecum on a low ileocecal papilla

33
Q

Cecum:

A

-demarcated from colon only by site of ileocecal opening
-widest part of gut
-non-sacculated
-blind-ended
-projects caudally from supraomental recess
-may float high (gas-filled) or sink ventrally

34
Q

Ascending colon: proximal segment

A

-sigmoid flexure as it leaves cecum

35
Q

Ascending colon: middle segment

A

-double spiral
>2 centripetal
>2 centrifugal
*3-4 of each turns in small ruminants

36
Q

Ascending colon: distal segment

A

-loop after double spiral at mesenteric root
-truly ascending colon
-right of mesenteric root (adjacent to descending duodenum)

37
Q

Pelleted feces in small ruminants:

A

-give the centrifugal portion the ‘sting-of-pearls’ look=get pellets

38
Q

Transverse colon:

A

-crosses midline cranial to mesenteric root (right to left)
>gives rise to descending colon on left

39
Q

Descending colon:

A

-left of mesenteric root
-attached to ascending duodenum
-short mesentery to long mesentery at sacrum=allows sigmoid flexure of colon before widening into rectum
-slack facilitates transrectal palpation

40
Q

Rectum:

A

-dorsal to genitalia
-muscular walls with impermanent transverse folds
-very short mesorectum which disappears caudally into fat-filled pelvic advenitia (in ischio-rectal fossa)

41
Q

Anus:

A

-internal and external anal sphincters
-pelvic and urogenital diaphragms
-perineum

42
Q

Lymph:

A

-solitary and aggregated (Peyer’s patches) lymph nodes
-primarily in SI (ileum)
*all nodes drain into cysterna chyli

43
Q

Jejunal lymph nodes:

A

-continuous chain of giant nodes:
>Ox: within mesentery peripheral to spirals of colon
>Small ruminants: within the last centrifugal spiral of colon

44
Q

Sheep stomach:

A

-larger reticulum
-greater and lesser curvature of the omasum

45
Q

Goat pathway from cranial duodenum to ileal papilla:

A

-cranial part of duodenum with sigmoid loop
-cranial duodenal flexure
-descending duodenum
-caudal duodenal flexure
-transverse duodenum
-ascending duodenum
-duodenojejunal flexure
-jejunum
-ileum
-ileal papilla

46
Q

Goat pathway from cecum to rectum:

A

-cecum
-proximal loop of ascending colon
-spiral loop of ascending colon (centripetal to central flexure to centrifugal coils)
-distal loop of ascending colon
-right colic flexure
-transverse colon
-left colic flexure
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon (ONLY IN CATTLE)
-rectum

47
Q

Cranial mesenteric artery supplies: (intestines)

A

-vast majority of intestines except:
>cranial part of duodenum=celiac
>descending colon and rectum=caudal mesenteric
*vein drains into portal vein

48
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers via (intestines):

A

-mesentery along branches of cranial mesenteric artery

49
Q

Where do the descending colon and rectum receive PS innervation from?

A

-sacral nerves

Anatomy Section 6 (18 decks)

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