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GCSE Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of focus on a microscope?

A

Coarse and Fine

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2
Q

What is the lens of a light microscope called?

A

Objective lens

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3
Q

How many m are in a km

A

1000

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4
Q

How many cm are in a m

A

100

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5
Q

How many mm are in a cm

A

10

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6
Q

How many mm’s are in a micrometer

A

1000

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7
Q

How many micrometers are in a nanometre

A

1000

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8
Q

How far can a light microscope measure up to?

A

X2000

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9
Q

What resolving power does a light microscope have?

A

200nm

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10
Q

How much can an electron microscope measure?

A

X2000000

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11
Q

What is the resolving power of a electron microscope

A

0.2nm

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12
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

Magnification= Size of image divided by size of object

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controll all cell activities, contains genes on the chromosomes that carry instructions for making protiens

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14
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

A liguid gel where organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life occur

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell and urea and hormones out of the cell

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Structures in the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place

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17
Q

What if the function of ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in a cell

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18
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

A substance that absorbs light so the plant can carry out photosynthesis

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19
Q

Why are chloroplast Green?

A

As they contain chlorophyll?

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20
Q

Why don’t root cells contain chloroplast?

A

As they are underground and don’t carry out photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is a permanent vacuole?

A

A space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, this keeps the cells rigid to support the plant

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22
Q

What are the main structures of an animal cell?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes

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23
Q

What are 3 extra features of a plant cell that animal cells don’t contain?

A

Chloroplast, a cell wall and a permanent vacuole

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24
Q

What are 2 examples of eukaryotic and cells?

Study These Flashcards
A

Plant and animal cells

25
What do eukaryotic cells contain?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus
26
What makes up a prokaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm and a cell membrane sorrounded by a cell wall
27
What is 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells’ DNA is free but a eukaryotic cells’ DNA is in a nucleus Prokaryotic cells have no organelles,only ribosomes but eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
28
What does a prokaryotic cell have that a eukaryotic cell does not?
A flagella
29
What does eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?
A nucleus
30
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria
31
What are the 3 types of specialised animal cells?
Nerve cell Muscle cell Sperm cell
32
How are nerve cells specialised and how do they make their cell more effective?
-Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells -an axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another -the nerve endings or synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body
33
How are muscles cells specialised?
-They contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract -Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for chemical reactions to take place -Store glycogen( a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration)
34
How are sperm cells specialised?
-A long tail to help move through water or the female reproductive system - The middle section is full of mitochondria which transfer the r Getty needed for the tail to work -The across one stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg - A large nucleus that contains genetic information
35
What are examples of specialised plant cells?
Root hair cells Photosynthetic cells Xylem cells Phloem cells
36
How are root hair cells specialised?
-Increase surface are available for water to move into the cell -large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell - Mitochondria that transfer energy needed for active transport
37
How are photosynthetic cells specialised?
-Contain chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap sunlight for photosynthesis - Positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of the stem of a plant so they absorb more light -large permanent vacuole that helps keel the cell rigid
38
How are xylem cells specialised?
-Lignin builds up on spirals in the cell wall and when the cell dies long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move through them form -Spirals and rings of lignin in the xylem cells make them very strong to help withstand pressure of water moving up the plant
39
How are phloem cells specialised?
-Cell wall between the cells break down to form special sieve plates -Supported by companion cells that keep them alive
40
What is diffusion?
The movements of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
41
What affects the rate of diffusion?
Difference in concentration, temperature and available surface area
42
What substances and gasses use diffusion to move in and out of cells?
Glucose, urea and oxygen and carbon dioxide
43
What is osmosis?
Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
44
What causes water to move into or out of the cell by osmosis?
Concentrations of solutions inside and outside a cell
45
What happens if the concentration outisde the cell changes dramatically?
Animal cells can be damaged
46
What causes the solution to be isotonic to the cell?
The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration
47
What causes the solution to be hypertonic to the cell?
The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration
48
What causes the solution to be hypotonic to the cell?
The concentration of the solutes outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration
49
Why is osmosis important in plant cells?
As it helps to maintain turgor in plant cells
50
What are the 6 steps of looking at cells(REQUIRED PRACTICAL)?
1. Move the stage down to the lowest position 2. Place the glass slide onto the stage 3.select the lowest power objective lens 4.turn the coarse focus slowly untill you are able to see the cells 5.Turn the fine focus untill the cells are in focus 6. Repeats steps 1-5 using higher power magnification
51
What happens when water moves out and in a planet cell by osmosis
The plant shrinks and expands
52
What are the steps of osmosis?
1.Peel potato 2.Use a cork borer to produce 3 cylinders of potato 3.Use a scalpel to trim cylinders to 3cm in length 4.Meausre length of cylinder using ruler and the mass using a balance 5.Put each cylinder into a test tube, add 10cm cubes of a 0.5 molar sugar solution to the first tube 6.Then add 10cm cubed of 0.25 molar sugar solution to the second test tube and 10cm cubed of distilled water to the last tube 7.Leave solutions over night 8. Remove potato cylinders and gently roll them on a paper towel to remove surface moisture 9. Don’t press on them 10. Measure length and mass of cylinders 11. Calculate percentage change
53
Why do we use a cork borer instead of a knife?
As each potato will be the same size
54
What is active transport?
The moving of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient
55
How does active transport get the energy required to carry out active transport?
Uses energy released from food in respiration to provide the energy required
56
What does active transport allow root hairs to do?
Absorb mineral ions required for healthy growth from very dilute solutions in the soil against a concentration gradient
57
What does active transport allow sugar molecules to do?
To be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood where the concentration of sugar is higher
58
What do single-called organisms have?
A large surface area to volume ratio so all necessary exchanges with the environment take place over this surface
59
In multicellular organisms, what are the organs specialised with?
Effective exchange surfaces

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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