B1 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of a nucleus
A
Contains genetic material that controls the activity of a cell
2
Q
What is the function of cytoplasm
A
Where most chemical reactions take place
3
Q
What is the function of a cell membrane
A
Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell
4
Q
What is the function of mitochondria
A
Where aerobic respiration takes place
5
Q
What is the function of ribosomes
A
Where protein is made
6
Q
What cell has a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplast and a vacuole
A
Plant cell
7
Q
What is the function of a cell wall
A
Supports and strengthens the cell
8
Q
What is the function of chloroplast
A
Where photosynthesis happens
9
Q
What is the function of a vacuole
A
Made of cell sap
10
Q
What are the two types of cells
A
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
11
Q
What is the size of a plant cell
A
0.1mm
12
Q
What is the size of an animal cell
A
0.02mm
13
Q
How do you calculate magnification
A
Size of image % size of real object
14
Q
What is the cell cycle
A
1- DNA replicates
2- chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell
3- cell membrane divide to form two identical daughter cells
15
Q
What is diffusion
A
Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
16
Q
What factors affect diffusion
A
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area
17
Q
What is osmosis
A
The movement of water particles from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
18
Q
What is active transport
A
Substances against a a concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to a high concentration
19
Q
What does undifferentiated mean
A
They have not yet become specialised
20
Q
What does it mean when a cell has no yet become specialised
A
They can divide to make different types of cells called stem cells
21
Q
Where are stem cells found
A
Human embryos, some organs and tissues
22
Q
What are enzymes
A
Biological catalyst
23
Q
What is it called when enzymes change shape
A
Denaturing
24
Q
What makes an enzyme denature
A
High temperature
25
Where are amylase produced
Salivary glands and pancreas
26
What are amylase
Carbohydrates that breaks down starch into sugars
27
Where are protease produced
Stomach, pancreas and the small intestine
28
What are protease
Breaks down protein into amino acids
29
Where are lipase produced
Pancreas and small intestine
30
What do lipase do
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids
31
What is blood made up of
Plasma
32
What are the three things in plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
33
Explain a red blood cell
Transported from the lungs to the tissue and cells
They do not contain a nucleus
They are very small so they can fit through the capillaries
They have a large surface area
34
Explain a white blood cell
Help protect the body against infection
They can change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels
35
Explain platelets
Fragments of a cell which causes the blood to clot
36
What are the three blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
37
Explain arteries
Take blood from your heart to your organs
Has thick walls made from muscle
38
Explain capillaries
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass in and out the blood
Has narrow thin walls
39
Explain veins
Take blood from your organs to your heart
Has thinner walls and valves to prevent the back flow of blood
40
What do the left and right atria do
Receives blood from veins
41
What does the left and right ventricles do
Pumps the blood out into arteries
42
What is coronary heart disease
When layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries and narrow them
43
What are the treatments of CHD
Stents
Statins
44
What is a stent
Keeps the coronary arteries from opening so blood can flow
45
What is a statin
Reduced blood cholesterol levels and slow down the rate at which fatty materials build up
46
What is a non communial disease
A disease that cannot be spread between organisms
47
What is a communicable disease
A disease that can be spread
48
What are the risk factors for cancer
Smoking
Ur exposure
Drinking alcohol
49
What is cancer caused by
Uncontrolled cell division
50
What are the two main types of cancers
Benign
Maligment
51
What is a benign tumour
A tumour that does not spread around the body
52
What is a maligment tumour
Tumours that spread around the body where they form secondary tumours
53
What is the function of the epidermis in plants
Covers the outer surface of the plant for protection
54
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll in a plant
The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf
55
What is the function of spongy mesophyll in a plant
Air spaces between the cells that allow gases to diffuse through the leaf
56
What is the function of the xylem vessels in a plant
Transports water and minerals through the plant from the roots to leaves
Supports the plant
57
What is the function of the phloem vessel in a plant
Transports dissolved food minerals through the plant
58
What is the function of the meristem tissue in a plant
Found mainly at the tips of the roots and shoots where it can produce new cells for growth
59
What is the function of the stomata in a plant
Allows the diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf and can be opened and closed by guard cells
60
How does water enter a plant
From the soil through root hair cells by osmosis
61
What is the loss of water from leaves called
Transpiration
62
What do pathogens cause
Infectious diseases
63
How are pathogens spread
Direct contact
Water or air
Vectors
64
How can the spread of diseases be stopped
Simple hygiene
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Giving out vaccinations
65
What is measles caused by
A virus
66
What are the symptoms of measles
Fever
Red rash
67
How is measles spread
By breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes
68
How is HIV spread
Through sexual contact or exchange in bodily fluids
69
What are the symptoms of HIV
flu like symptoms
70
What is salmonella caused by
Bacteria
71
What are the symptoms for salmonella
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
72
How is gonorrhoea spread
Through sexual contact
73
What are the symptoms for gonorrhoea
Thick yellow or green discharge
Pain when urinating
74
How is gonorrhoea treated
Penicillin
75
What is malaria caused by
Protist
76
How do you get malaria
Though a mosquito bite
77
How are the symptoms for malaria
Server fever
78
What causes black rose spot
Fungal disease
79
How is black rose spot spread
When spores are carried from plant to plant by water or wind
80
What happens to the leaf if it had black rose spot
Purple and black spots develop on the leaves which often turn yellow
81
How can black rose spot be treated
By using fungicides and removing the affected leaves
82
What happens when a Pearson receives a vaccination
Small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogens are injected into the body
83
What are antibiotics
Medicine that kills bacteria inside the body
84
Doctors should only provide antibiotics when?
They are really needed
For serious infections
85
Why are drugs tested on humans
See if it works
Look for side affects
Find out the optimum dose
86
What are double blind trains
Some patients are given a placebo and others are given the drug
Patients are allocated randomly
87
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide+water— glucose+oxygen
88
What are the factors affecting photosynthesis
Temperature
Carbon dioxide concentration
Light intensity
Chlorophyll concentration
89
How does temperature affect photosynthesis
As temperature increases so does the rate of photosynthesis because more energy is provided for the reaction
90
How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis
As the carbon dioxide concentration increases so does the rate of photosynthesis as carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis
91
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis
As light intensity increases so does photosynthesis as more energy is provided for the reaction
92
What is respiration
Releases energy from glucose molecules for use by the body
93
What is aerobic respiration
With oxygen
94
What is anaerobic respiration
Without oxygen
95
What is the equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose+oxygen—carbon dioxide+water
96
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose—lactic acid
97
Describe bacterial cells
Prokaryotes
Don’t have chloroplast or mitochondria
Dint have a nucleus
98
Name parts of a microscope
Stage
Objective lens
Eye piece
Adjustment knob
Light
99
What are stem cells used for
They are specialised for reproduction
100
What are nerve cells specialised for
Rapid signalling
101
What are root hair cells specialised for
Absorbing water and minerals
102
What are muscle cells specialised for
Contraction
103
What is the function of the salivary gland
Produces amylase enzymes and saliva
104
What is the function of the liver
Where bike is produced
Bile neutralises stomach acid
105
What is the function of the gall bladder
Where bile is stored before released into the small intestine
106
What is the function of the large intestine
Where excess water is absorbed from the food
107
What is the function if the small intestine
Produces lipase amylase and protease
Where food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
108
What is the function of the stomach
It pummels food
Produces protease enzymes and pepsin
Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria
109
What is the function of the pancreas
Produces protease lipase and amylase
Releases these into the small intestine
110
What is the function if the rectum
Where the faeces are stored before they leave the anus
111
How do you test for sugars
Benedict’s test
Solution will change from blue to green or yellow if sugar is present
112
How do you test fir starch
Iodine
Colour will change from orange to black
113
How do you test for proteins
Biurets test
Colour will change from blue to purple if protein is present
114
How do you test for lipids
Sudan III test
If it contains lipids the solution will separate into two layers
115
What are the lungs surrounded by
Pleural membrane
116
Where does the air that you breath go
Through the trachea
This splits into two tubes called bronchi one going to each lung
117
What does the bronchi split into
Smaller tides called bronchioles
118
Where do the bronchioles end
At small bags called alveoli where gas exchange takes place
119
What is your resting heart rate controlled by
A group of cells in the right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker
120
What is an artificial pacemaker
Often used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly
121
122
What are the pros to a vaccine
Help control lots of communicable diseases
Outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if people are vaccinated
123
What are the cons to vaccines
Don’t always work
Can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine
124
125
Describe how white blood cells protect against pathogens
Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
Produce antibodies that bind antigens on pathogens
126
What is phagocytosis
When the white blood cell surrounds, engulfs and digests
