B1

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

a short section of DNA

Question 2

What instructions do genes carry?

Answer 2

instructions that control how you develop and function.

Question 3

What does each gene code for?

Answer 3

a specific protein.

Question 4

How do genes code for specific proteins?

Answer 4

by specifying the order in which Amino acids must be joined together.

Question 5

What are the two types of proteins?

Answer 5

Structural protein and Functional protein.

Question 6

What is a structural Protein?

Answer 6

It gives the body structure, rigidity and strength.

Question 7

What are examples of structural proteins?

Answer 7

Keratin in skin and collagen in ligaments

Question 8

What is each gene packed into?

Answer 8

structures called chromosomes.

Question 9

Where are chromosomes found?

Answer 9

The nuclei of the body’s cells

Question 10

How many genes on our chromosomes do we have?

Answer 10

between 20000 and 25000

Question 11

What are strands of DNA made up of?

Answer 11

4 chemicals called bases, as well as phosphate groups and sugar molecules.

Question 12

What does the order of the bases in a DNA strand determine?

Answer 12

the order of amino acids in a protein.

Question 13

What is a functional protein?

Answer 13

They enable the body to function.

Question 14

What are examples of functional proteins?

Answer 14

Enzymes, antibodies and hormones.

Question 15

What is a genome?

Answer 15

A complete gene set of an organism.

Question 16

What does the Human Genome Project help us to understand?

Answer 16

How genes control our characteristics and development. and can lead to certain diseases.

Question 17

What implications does the Human Genome project have?

Answer 17

ethical issues.
For example, some drug companies want to patent genes. They could then charge scientists money to investigate the genes, which would restrict research.

Question 18

What are our characteristics controlled by?

Answer 18

genes, the environment or a combination.

Question 19

Why are we not identical to either parent?

Answer 19

Because we inherit genes from both parents.

Question 20

How does variation occur?

Answer 20

through differences in genes.

Question 21

What is a phenotype?

Answer 21

someones genetic make-up.

Question 22

What is a phenotype?

Answer 22

someones observable physical features

Question 23

What does a phenotype depend on?

Answer 23

Someones genes, but may also be affected by how they interact with the environment. i.e, sun tan, piercing, hair dye.

Question 24

Why do identical twins have identical genotypes?

Answer 24

because they develop after a fertilized egg splits into two.

Question 25

What happens in fertilization?

Answer 25

an egg and sperm join together to product a zygote.

Question 26

What is a mutation?

Answer 26

Changes to our DNA.

Question 27

When does mutation occur?

Answer 27

When sex cells are being made, or after fertilization.

Question 28

What is chromosome mutation?

Answer 28

This results in an individual having extra chromosomes. For example, a person with extra chromosome 21 will have Down's syndrome.

Question 29

What are alleles?

Answer 29

different forms in which the genes controlling a characteristic occur.

Question 30

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 30

If the two alleles of a gene are identical.

Question 31

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 31

If the two alleles are different.

Question 32

What are gene probability diagrams called?

Answer 32

Punnett Squares

Question 33

What can a family tree diagram be used for?

Answer 33

The inheritance of a trait in a family over several generations.

Question 34

What are the female and male sex chromosomes.

Answer 34

Female XX | Male XY

Question 35

What is the sex determining gene?

Answer 35

Y Gene

Question 36

What are disorders mainly caused by?

Answer 36

defective or faulty genes.

Question 37

What type of disorder is Huntingtons disorder? When does it occur and what are the symptoms?

Answer 37

- dominant disorder. - occurs at middle age - symptoms include tremors, memory loss, inability to concentrate and mood changes.

Question 38

What are the symptoms of Cystic fibrosis?

Answer 38

the production of thick gluey mucus that affects the lungs and makes digesting food difficult. Breathing problems and chest infections also occur.

Question 39

What is genetic screening used to do?

Answer 39

check for particular disorders in the hope that this will minimize the damage such disorders can cause.

Question 40

What is genetic testing used for?

Answer 40

when a genetic disease runs in the family it helps them plan for the future and get treatment.

Question 41

What ethical questions are raised in genetic testing?

Answer 41

-Should people tell their employers? might they exploit or discriminate against them for having it?

Question 42

What are the two types of cell sampling?

Answer 42

amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling.

Question 43

What is amniocentesis ?

Answer 43

collecting cells from developing fetus which are present in amniotic fluid.

Question 44

What is chronic villus sampling?

Answer 44

testing a sample of cells taken from a placenta.

Question 45

What are the implications of testing genetic diseases?

Answer 45

- tests carry risk of miscarriage - results are not 100% reliable - decision as to whether to abort - should an employer/insurance company be told?

Question 46

When is genetic testing carried out?

Answer 46

when a genetic disease runs in the family.

Question 47

When is genetic screening carried out?

Answer 47

on a large scale e.g. in new-borns where there is no history of a disease.

Question 48

What happens in genetic screening?

Answer 48

Embryos produced by IVF are screened before implantation (pre-implantation genetic diagnosis-PGD).

Question 49

What are natural clones?

Answer 49

individuals with identical genes.

Question 50

Some organisms reproduce asexually to produce...

Answer 50

clones.

Question 51

When are identical twins formed?

Answer 51

when cells of an embryo separate.

Question 52

How are artificial clones produced?

Answer 52

when a nucleus from a body cell is transferred to an unfertilized egg.

Question 53

What potential do unspecialized cells have?

Answer 53

treating diseases.

Question 54

What can Embryonic stem cells develop into?

Answer 54

any type of specialized cell.