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Biology B123 > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What organisms cause infectious diseases?

A

bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

What causes damage to cells during an infection?

A

toxins produced by the microorganisms.

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3
Q

Why are microorganisms dangerous?

A

They reproduce very rapidly in the human body, to produce very large numbers.

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4
Q

What does the immune system have to fight of diseases?

A

white blood cells

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5
Q

What do the two types of white blood cells do?

A
  • Destroy microorganisms by engulfing and digesting them.

- produce antibodies against antigens on their surface.

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6
Q

What does every antigen have?

A

a corresponding antibody that recognizes it.

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7
Q

Why can antibodies be produced very quickly after an infection?

A

because memory cell remain in the body

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8
Q

What happens once your body fights an infection?

A

the person now has immunity to the microorganism.

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9
Q

What are vaccines?

A
  • Safe forms of a disease-causing microorganism.
  • They produce immunity as memory cells remain after the vaccination.
  • They are very safe but not risk-free, as there are possible side effects. (reactions vary because of genetic differences.)
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10
Q

How can epidemics be prevented?

A

by ensuring a high percentage of the population are vaccinated.

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11
Q

What do drug and vaccine trials ensure?

A

safety and effectiveness of drugs and vaccines.

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12
Q

What do drug and vaccine trials entail?

A

The trials first involve animals and human cells. Later human trials involve healthy volunteers and people with the illness. Control groups then use an existing drug or placebo.

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13
Q

What is the problem with the use of placebos?

A

They raise ethical issues.

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14
Q

What are the different kinds of trials?

A

Open-label (a new drug is known by the doctor/researcher and patient.)

‘Blind’ (the patient does not know what drug they are receiving).

‘Double blind’ (neither the patient nor the researcher knows who is being given the new drug).

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15
Q

What do antimicrobials do?

A
  • kill or inhabit the growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses.

- kill antibodies, which are used to kill bacteria (only).

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16
Q

What can happen overtime to bacteria and fungi?

A

They can develop resistance to antimicrobials.

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17
Q

How can resistance to antimicrobials be reduced?

A

Only use antibiotics when necessary and complete the course.

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18
Q

What system is the heart part of?

A

The circulatory system.

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19
Q

What is the heart?

A

a double pup (left side of the body, right side to the lungs) and has its own blood supply.

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20
Q

What are heart attacks caused by?

A

fatty deposits blocking the blood supply to the heart.

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21
Q

What is heart disease caused by?

A

lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, stress, smoking, misuse of drugs, as well as genetic factors.

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22
Q

How are genetic factors linked to heart disease identified?

A

large-scale epidemiological and genetic studies.

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23
Q

How can heart rate be recorded?

A

by measuring the pulse rate.

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24
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

a measure of the pressure of the blood on an artery wall.

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25
How is blood pressure measured?
as two numbers: the higher number is when the heart is contracting. The lower number is when it is relaxed.
26
What does high blood pressure increase the risk of?
heart disease.
27
What do nervous and hormonal systems maintain?
a constant internal environment in the body (homeostasis).
28
What do nervous and hormonal systems have?
receptors processing, centers and effectors. They are automatic.
29
What is negative feedback used to do in water balance?
reverse changes in the body's state.
30
What does ADH help with?
the hormonal control of urine concentration.
31
What does alcohol and MDMA do to secretion?
Alcohol reduces ADH secretion. | Ecstasy increases ADH secretion.
32
What does a balanced body water level maintain?
cell water concentration.
33
What is a cell water concentration important for?
cell function.
34
How does the body get water?
from drinks, food, respiration; losses are through sweating, breaking, faeces and urine.
35
How does the kidneys respond to water concentration in the plasma?
by producing dilute of concentrated urine.
36
What are the bodies external defenses?
skin, saliva, tears and acid in the stomach.
37
What is the bodies internal defense?
immune system.
38
What does the immune system do?
- use white blood cells to defend the body. | - makes white blood cells in the bone marrow.
39
What do pathogens have?
chemicals on their surface that antibodies recognize as being foreign (antigens).
40
What is an antigen?
a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
41
What happens once the antibody has locked onto the antigen?
it sets off a series of events: - the white blood cell divides to produce many copies. - Each white blood cell produces many antibody molecules that lock onto the invading cell.
42
What do the different types of antibodies do?
- destroy the invading microorganism. - enable white blood cells to recognize the microorganism as being foreign. - cause the microorganism to clump together, meaning that it is easier to engulf the white blood cells.
43
What happens once a vaccine is injected?
the immune system attacks the microorganism in the vaccine in the blood stream.
44
Why can some vaccines be used against pathogens year after year and others need to be newly developed?
because some pathogens do not change over time. However, some such as influenza virus change rapidly so new vaccines must be developed.
45
What is an epidemic?
when a disease spreads rapidly through a population (country/city)
46
What is the long-term aim of vaccines?
to eradicate diseases, such as smallpox.
47
What can genetic variation cause?
for some people to have more side effects than others when given a vaccine.
48
Is medical treatment ever risk free?
no.
49
What must be considered before vaccination programmes?
risks and benefits.
50
What is an antimicrobial?
a group of substances that are used to kill microorganisms or inhabit their growth.
51
When are antimicrobials effective?
against bacteria, viruses and fingi.
52
What are examples of antimicrobials?
antibiotics, antimicrobials and antifungals, antiseptics and disinfectants).
53
What is another name for resistant microorganisms?
superbugs (MRSA).
54
Why are some microorganisms resistant to antibiotics?
overuse of them.
55
When should antibiotics be subscribed?
when: | -more serious infections, when they are really needed.
56
How can antibiotics be used sensibly?
Completing the cycle so that the bacteria causing the infection are killed completely.
57
Why do some trials investigate the effects of the drugs over a long period of time?
- side effects may appear, or increase over time | - the drug may become less effective.
58
What does blood do?
carries nutrients and oxygen around the blood cells in blood vessels.
59
What makes up the circulatory system?
The heart, blood and blood vessels.
60
What happens to the blood at the lungs?
-deoxygenated blood absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2.
61
What is the structure of arteries?
thick walls, elastic and muscular
62
What is the structure of veins?
walls contain elastic, muscular tissue but are thinner than artieries walls.
63
What is the structure of capillaries?
One-cell thick to allow substances to travel to and from cells.
64
What do veins have to prevent the backflow of blood?
valves.
65
What do the veins do?
collect blood and return it to the heart.
66
What do the arteries do?
take blood away from the heart under high pressure
67
What do the capillaries do?
they link arteries and veins.
68
What do blood pressure measurements record?
the blood on the walls of the artery.
69
What damage does high blood pressure do?
damages the walls of the arteries and makes them more likely to develop fatty deposits and get narrower, leading to an increase in the risk of heart disease.
70
Where are the coronary arteries situated?
They run over the surface of the heart.
71
What can happen to coronary arteries?
they can become blocked by fatty deposits
72
What happens coronary arteries arteries become blocked by fatty deposits?
they become more likely to develop fatty deposits and get narrower, leading to an increase in the risk of heart disease.
73
What are mutations?
random changes in the genes.
74
What do mutations do?
They give some bacteria resistance to antimicrobials.
75
What are 2 examples of antimicrobials' functions?
- cleaning products, along with antiseptics and disinfectants. - anitibiotics against bacteria; antivirals against viruses; anti fungal against fungi.
76
What is Coronary heart disease (CHD) caused by?
a build up of fatty substances in the arteries.
77
What does high blood pressure cause?
an increase in the chances of strokes and heart attacks
78
What does low blood pressure cause?
dizziness and fainting.
79
What are epidemiological studies?
studies of the occurrence of disease using large numbers of individuals.
80
Who are epidemiological studies done on?
- on samples of individuals who are matched on as many factors as possible and only differ in the factor being tested. - individuals chosen at random
81
What do epidemiological studies investigate?
whether the genes carried out by individuals affect heir risk of suffering from particular health problems.
82
What are the systems involved in homeostasis?
1 Receptors- detect changes in the environment 2 Processing centers- receive information and determine how the body will respond. 3 Effectors- produce a response.
83
Why must our water content in our bodies be maintained?
to keep the body's cells bathed in blood plasma.
84
How do our kidneys respond to changes in our blood plasma?
by changing the concentration of urine that is excreted from the body.
85
What do effectors cause?
vasodiliation.
86
What do receptors detect?
body temperature.
87
What is concentration of blood plasma affected by?
external temperature, exercise level and intake of fluids and salt.

Biology B123 (3 decks)

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