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Biology paper 1 > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are cells ?

A

The basic unit of living organisms, all living things are made of cells.

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2
Q

Eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells

Way to remember ?

A 
Pro= opposite to what you think
E= more complex
P= simpler

Eukaryotic

  • complex
  • found in plants, animals, fungi and protists
  • 10-100 micrometres

Prokaryotic

  • smaller and simpler
  • found in bacteria
  • 0.1-5 micrometres
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3
Q

Standard form

  • Positive integer
  • Negative integer
  • Adding/subtracting
  • multiplying
  • dividing
A
  • To the right
  • To the left
  • Write numbers in non standard form, add or subtract and then turn back into standard from
  • Multiply leading numbers, add powers, change to correct form
  • Divide leading numbers, subtract powers, change to correct form
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4
Q

Sub-cellular structures/functions found in Animal cell

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
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5
Q

Sub-cellular structures/functions found in Plant cell

A

Same as animal
(mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm)

Extra structures:

  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
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6
Q

Sub-cellular structures/functions found in Bacteria cell

A

-Cell wall
-Cell membrane
-Strand of DNA
alternative to the nucleus which it doesn’t have
-Cytoplasm
-Flagella
-Plasmids

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7
Q

Mitochondria

Where/what?

A

where aerobic respiration takes place which supplies energy to the cell

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8
Q

Nucleus

Where/what?

A

contains genetic material and controls the activity of the cell

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9
Q

Ribosomes

Where/what?

A

where proteins are made

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

Where/what?

A

where most of the cells chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

Cell membrane

Where/what?

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

Where/what?

A

contain chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis

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13
Q

Cell wall

Where/what?

A

made of cellulose which supports and strengthens the cell

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14
Q

Permanent vacuole

Where/what?

A

contains call sap that stores water, sugar and salts

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15
Q

Flagella

A

(tail) used for movement

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16
Q

Plasmids

A

small rings of DNA

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17
Q

Cell differentiation definiton ?

A

The process where a cell develops a new sub cellular structure to allow it to perform a specific function.

Causing it to become specialised

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18
Q

Cell differentiation in embryo, plants and animals

A
  • Embryo most cell differentiation happen during an organisms develepment. These cells divide to form embyros that specialise.
  • Plants keep their ability to differentiate
  • Animals rarely differentiate their cells in adulthood
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19
Q

Undifferentiated cells are…

A

Stem cells

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20
Q

Sperm cell for…

Features

A

For reproduction

  • streamlined head to swim to the egg
  • mitochondria to provide energy
  • long tail to swim to the egg
  • enzymes in the head to break into the egg cell
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21
Q

Nerve cell for…

Features

A

For rapid signalling

  • axon which electrical signals travel along
  • myelin sheath stops signals leaking out
  • dendrites branch off nerve cell
  • nucleus
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22
Q

Muscle cell for…

Features

Study These Flashcards
A

For contraction

  • Very long for space to contract
  • mitochondria for energy for motion
  • protein fibres which contract allowing muscle to move
23
Q

Root hair cell for…

Features

Study These Flashcards
A

For absorbing water and minerals

-long projections to increase surface area to absorb minerals from the soil

24
Q

Xylem cell for…

Features

Study These Flashcards
A

For transporting water

  • Open ended to allow water to move
  • Lignin to strengthen the walls
  • Hollow centre to allow stuff to flow through
25
Phloem cells for... | Features
For transporting food - small holes to allow food to move up and down - very few sub-cellular structures so that stuff can flow through them
26
Translocation
Phloem transports food molecules to parts of the plant whee neeeded
27
Transpiration
Xylem transports water up the stem into the leaves
28
Transpiration
Is the loss of water from plants through evaporation
29
Factors affecting transpiration rates
- humidity - temperature - air flow - light intensity
30
Magnification _____
Tells us how many times larger an image through a microscope is compared to the real object
31
Resolution_______
Is the ability to tell apart two or more objects that are close together
32
Magnification equation
``` M= Image size/Real size M= I/R ```
33
Light microscope date how it works discoveries made
16th century It passes light through a specimen and creates a magnified image using lenses Allowed us to see bacteria, plant cells and animal cells however we couldn't tell lots of sub-cellular structures apart.
34
Electron microscope date how it works discoveries made
1933 it passes electrons through a specimen See sub-cellular structures, study mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes functions It has better resolution and magnification than a light microscope.
35
Microscope parts
``` Eye piece eye piece lens clips objective lens(4x,10x,40x) stage lamp/sometimes a mirror instead coarse focussing dial fine focussing dial ```
36
Find size of cells Vs Estimating size of cells
- Lay ruler on top of stage, look through eyepiece and measure in mm the diameter of the F.O.V - Then times the mm by 1000 to get micrometers Then use diameter to find cell size -Count cells in line and divide by diameter To estimate the cell size treat it as a regular shape E.g. if its close to a rectangle use A=L x W
37
Chromosomes what/how many pairs
The nucleus contains chromosomes made of DNA, chromosomes carry genes and are normally found in pairs. 23 pairs 46 in total
38
The cell cycle
Growth and repair - increases the amount of sub-cellular structures - duplicates its DNA Mitosis - the chromosomes line up at the centre - cell fibres pull them apart, the two arms of each chromosomes go to opposite ends of the cell - membranes form, these become the nuclei - the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide The cell cycle has now produced two new identical daughter cells.
39
Stem cells are_____
Undifferentiated cells that have not yet specialised to perform a specific function
40
Stem cells in humans are found in_____ | Stem cells in plants are found in_____
Bone marrow, embryos | Plant meristems
41
Disadvantages of stem cells
- viral infection | - ethical beliefs (we are 'playing god')
42
Uses of stem cells in humans/plants
Stem cell treatments -stem cells may be able to replace damaged cells such as cells that cause diabetes or paralysis Plant clones - stem cells can be used quickly and cheaply to produce cloned plants - this could help to protect rare plant species from extinction and create large populations of plants with special features, such as disease resistance. Therapeutic cloning - produces an embryo from the patient - stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted into the patient without being rejected - once inside patient, the stem cell can differentiate to replace faulty cells
43
Diffusion is the_____
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
44
Factors affecting diffusion rates
Temperature, concentration gradient and surface area
45
Osmosis is the_____
Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high concentration to a low concentration
46
Active transport is the______
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration
47
Active transport takes place____
- In the roots of plants where root hairs take up minerals | - In the human gut between the nutrients and the gut
48
Exchange surfaces are______
Surfaces that are adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas/solute exchange.
49
Exchange surface adaptions
- good blood supply - ventilation - large surface area - thin membrane
50
Exchange surface: small intestine
covered in millions of villi which increase surface area so digested foods can be absorbed faster into the blood.
51
Exchange surface: lungs
contain millions of alveoli to maximise gaseous exchange
52
Exchange surface: fish
have gills for gas exchange. the gills exchange oxygen dissolved in the water with co2 in the fish's bloodstream
53
Exchange surface: leaves
Have stomata to allow co2, o2 and h2o to diffuse through.
54
How to clone plants
Cut off a cuttings of plant a regrow due to meristems

Biology paper 1 (5 decks)

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