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Biology > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Found in plants, animals, fungi and protists

10 - 100 μm

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism made up of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Found in bacteria and archaea

0.1 - 5.0 μm

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

An organism Made up f prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

Plasmid

A

Small rings of DNA

Found in prokaryotic cells

Can replicate and move between cells to share genetic information

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6
Q

DNA loop

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus

Most genetic material is stored in a single loop in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Standard form

A

x * 10^n

when 1.0 <= x > 10.0

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8
Q

Adding and subtracting standard form

A
  1. Convert to non-standard form
  2. Add/subtract
  3. Convert to standard form
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9
Q

Multiplying standard form

A
  1. Multiply x
  2. Add n
  3. Concatenate
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10
Q

Dividing standard form

A
  1. Divide x
  2. Subtract n
  3. Concatenate
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11
Q

Animals cells

A

10 - 50 μm

Animals cells have:
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates the interior of the cells from the environment

Selectively permeable

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell

Contains chromosomes which hold genetic material

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for synthesising proteins

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce the cell’s energy through aerobic respiration

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16
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A process that uses sugar and oxygen to release energy

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell

Where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place

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18
Q

Plant cells

A

10 - 100 μm

Plant cells have:
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

Fluid-filled sac that stores water

Enclosed in a membrane

Can make up as much as 90% of a plant cell’s volume

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20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll, a pigment needed for photosynthesis

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

A structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell

Increases the structural strength of the cell

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22
Q

Differentiation

A

A process where cell acquire different subcellular structures

Can happen at different stages of development in plants and animals

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23
Q

Differentiation in plants

A

Many plants can differentiate throughout their whole live

This means plants are always able to create new tissues

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24
Q

Differentiation in animals

A

Most animal cells differentiate early in their development

In mature animals, cells mostly divide to replace cells and repair tissues that are already present

New tissues rarely created by cell differentiation

Instead, cells divide to replace or repair existing tissue

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25
Bacteria cells
Examples of prokaryotic cells ``` Include: Flagella Cell wall and membrane Cytoplasm Plasmids ```
26
Flagella
Whip-like structures used for movement Some bacteria have flagella
27
Differentiation in embryos
Cells that form the embryo differentiate to produce cells that can perform all of the body's functions
28
Sperm cells
Specialised to fertilise egg cells ``` Sperm cells have: Flagella Acrosome Head Middle section ```
29
Acrosome
Found as the tip of the sperm's head Contains digestive enzymes that are used to penetrate an egg cell
30
Sperm head
Contains the sperm cells' nucleus Sperm is haploid This means a sperm's nucleus only contains half of an organism's genetic material This combines with the egg cell's half of genetic material to fertilise the egg
31
Sperm middle section
Filled with mitochondria to provide it with enough energy for it to travel a long distance to reach the egg cell
32
Neurones
Specialised to transmit electrical signals around the body Neurones have: Axon Myelin sheath Dendrites
33
Axon
A long tail that the electrical signal travels along in a neuron
34
Myelin sheath
A sheath that surrounds the axon Prevents the signal from leaking out of the neuron and increases the speed of the transmission
35
Dendrites
Branches of a neuron Transfer electrical signals to other neurons
36
Synapse
The site of transmission of electric signals between neurons
37
Myocytes
Specialised to produce force and motion Muscle cells have: Mitochondria Protein fibre
38
Mitochondria in myocytes
Contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy for motion
39
Protein fibre in myocytes
Contract to move the muscle
40
Root hair cells
Specialised to absorb water and minerals Root hair cells have: Long projection No chloroplasts
41
Long projections in root hair cells
Increases surface area Allows them to absorb more water and minerals
42
Lack of chloroplasts in root hair cells
Do not contain chloroplasts as there is no light for photosynthesis
43
Xylem cells
Dead cells specialised to transport water up the stem of a plant to the leaves Xylem cells have: Open ends Lignin
44
Open ends in xylem cells
End walls of xylem cells are broken to allow water to move through them
45
Lignin in xylem cells
Lignified to strengthen cell walls
46
Phloem cells
Living cells specialised to transport food in the plant Phloem cells have: Cell wall holes
47
Cell walls in phloem cells
End walls of phloem cells contain small holes to allow food products to move up and down the vessels
48
Microscope magnification
How many times larger an image seen through a microscope is compared to the real object
49
Equation for magnification
Magnification = image size / actual size Magnification = magnification of eyepiece * magnification of objective lens
50
Resolution
The ability to see and distinguish between fine detail
51
Light microscope
Passes light through a specimen and creates a magnified image using lenses The first light microscope was made using two lenses towards the end of the 16th century This microscope had a resolution better than the human eye
52
Objective lens
The lens closest to the specimen Short focal length Produces a magnified image of the specimen
53
Discoveries from light microscopes
Visual distinction of plant and animal cells View of bacteria
54
Electron microscope
Electrons are passed through the specimen instead of light. First used in 1933 Can resolve distances of 1nm Magnifications of ×500,000.
55
Discoveries from electron microscopes
Clear view of subcellular structures Allowed the study of the function of structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes
56
Uses of microorganism cultures
Used to investigate the effects of antibiotics and disinfectants
57
Growing media of cultures
Cultures can be grown in one of two mediums: Nutrient broth Agar gel
58
Nutrient broth
Liquid medium for growing microorganisms containing carbohydrates, minerals and sometimes other chemicals
59
Agar gel
Solid, jelly-like medium for growing microorganisms
60
Contamination
The growth of bacteria not being investigated in an investigation
61
Risks of contamination
Jeopardising the results of the investigation, Serious health and safety risk
62
Sources of contamination
``` Potential sources of contamination are: Skin Soil Air Water ```
63
Aseptic Technique
Techniques used on apparatus to kill and prevent the entry of unwanted bacteria ``` Aseptic techniques include: Boiling Flames Lids Temperature ```
64
Boiling as an aseptic technique
Solutions and agar must be boiled for sterilisation
65
Flames as an aseptic technique
Inoculation loops must be passed through a flame for sterilisation
66
Lids as an aseptic technique
Lids must be rapidly taken off and put back on when using the inoculating loop to add bacteria to the agar Lids should be taped on and the dish should be stored upside down to prevent condensation forming on the lid and then dripping onto the agar
67
Temperature as an aseptic technique
In schools, the maximum temperature at which cultures should be incubated is 25 degrees Celsius This precaution reduces the risk of harmful bacteria growing
68
Bacterial growth
Bacteria multiply through simple cell division (binary fission), in which one cell divides to produce two cells
69
Mean division time
The average time for bacteria to divide
70
Estimation of bacteria populations
A future population of bacteria can be estimated by multiplying the current population by two for every mean division time that passes Divisions can happen as fast as every 20 minutes when the conditions are ideal
71
Equation for bacteria population size
Future population = current population * 2 ^ (time passed / mean division time)

Biology (6 decks)

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