B1 IP Protocols Flashcards by Sean Tonelli

OSI Model

1 Physical
2 Data Link
3 Network
4 Transport
5 Session
6 Presentation
7 Application

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Layer 1 OSI Model

Physical - Physical structure. Hubs, repeaters, Cables,

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Layer 2 OSI

Data Link - Frames (Envelopes) contain MAC address, NIc - Switch - NIC end to end) , Ethernet, WAN, Wifi,

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Layer 3 OSI

Network - Packets (letter containing IP address) - Logical to physical address mapping Ipv4, IPv6, ICMP, AppleTalk

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Layer 4 OSI

Transport - host to host (logical ports), TCP, UDP,

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Layer 5 OSI

Session - Sync and send to ports (interhost communication) - session establishment , security, logging - TLS/SSL, NetBIOS, SOCKS

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Layer 6 OSI

Presentation - syntax and encrypt and decrypt , data conversion. SSL, WEP, WPA, Kerberos

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Layer 7 OSI

Application - end user layer. DHCP, DNS, FTP, HTTP, POP3, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, TELNET

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Layer 1 TCP IP

Network Access or Link Layer = OSI 1 &2, Maps IP to physical address, plus forms frame and sends over network

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Layer 2 TCP IP

Internet - = L3 OSI (Network). logical transmission of data using IP, ARP or ICMP

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Layer 3 TCP IP

Host 2 Host / Transport. Is same as L4 OSI (Transport). Two protocols are TCP or UDP.

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Layer 4 TCP IP

Application. = L5-L7 OSI. HTTP, FTP etc

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IP v4 description

An IPv4 address is split into four sections, each with a number from 0-255, separated by a dot, with
sections identifying the network ID and the host ID. How many bits are used for the network portion will
vary from network to network. 4 billion possible addresses. 32 bit - 8 bits per section (octet).

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Subnet basics

A subnet mask is a 32 bit number for IPv4, or a 128 bit number for IPv6, that divides the IP address into
network and host addresses.

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Subnet mask

A Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all “1”s and setting host bits to all “0”s.

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Subnet example

For example take a network 214.129.7.0/24. The 24 in the CIDR notation tells you the network mask is 24
bits long, and so it is. 255.255.255.0 where each 255 is all 8 bits of the octet set to binary 1. The broadcast
address for this network would be 214.129.7.255

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Class A Public IP

0.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255

Class A Private IP

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

Loopback

127.0.0.1 but also 127.0.0.0/8 so up to 127.255.255.255

Class B Public IP

128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

Class B Private IP

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

Class C Public IP

192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Class C Private IP

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 - Lots of domestic networks

Class D Public IP

224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

Class E Public IP

240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

IPv6

An IPv6 address is split into eight sections, each separated by a colon, as shown in the slide. Each section consists 16 bits, written as four hexadecimal digits. To make them shorter to write down, multiple sections which are all 0 can be replaced by a double colon :: as you can see in the example, but this can only happen with one run of 0000’s. If an IPv6 address contains more than one sequence of repeating 0000’s, only one of them can be replaced by the :: sequence

Categories of Ipv6 address

UNicast Multicast Anycast

5 types of network addressing

Unicast - 1 to 1 Broadcast 1 to all Multicast one to many or many to many Geocast -special form of multicast based on physical location Anycast - one to one of many (ie which is nearest receiver in the group that the message needs to go to)

3 uses of ICMP

error reporting and diagnosis help solve nwtwork problems denial of service attack

3 way handshake to establish TCP session

SYN(chronise) SYN/ACK(nowledge) ACK

3 features of TCP (Transmission Control protocol)

Data divided into packets Checksums ensure data is not corrupted Sequence numbers detect loss and rebuild data in correct order

Features of UDP (User Datagram protocol)

``` Faster transmission that TCP No error detection No sequencing or tracking No guarentee that packet will arrive used for online gaming, media streaming and VoIP ```

4 stages of DHCP

``` DORA Discovery Offer Request Acknowledgement ```

Configurations provided by DHCP server

IP (usually dynamic) subnet mask default gateway name servers

FTP ports

20 data | 21 control

Reason FTP is not used much

sends all data including user password in the clear

Secure versions of FTP

FTPS (uses SSL/TLS) | SFTP (uses SSH)

Server Message Block (SMB)

Share files and folders | Uses port 445 TCP and UDP

Implementations of SMB on different OS

CIFS - Windows | Samba - Linux

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) purpose

Protocol to monitor, audit and manage devices connected to a network.

SNMP ports

UDP 161