B11

Question 1

What are examples of hormones?

Answer 1

Adrenaline, insulin, growth hormone and sex hormones.

Question 2

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 2

It is made up of glands, secreting hormones into the bloodstream, which carries it to its target organ producing an effect.

Question 3

What is the most powerful endocrine gland and what does it do?

Answer 3

The pituitary gland, found in the brain, which excretes many hormones into the body, in response to changes in body conditions. Examples include ADH and growth hormone.

Question 4

What does the thyroid do?

Answer 4

Controls the metabolic rate of the body.

Question 5

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 5

Controls the levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 6

What does the adrenal gland do?

Answer 6

Prepares the body for stress, adrenaline.

Question 7

What do the ovaries do?

Answer 7

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle.

Question 8

What do the testes do?

Answer 8

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm.

Question 9

What is insulin?

Answer 9

It is extracted by the pancreas, controlling the blood glucose concentration with the hormone insulin. if it rises, your pancreas produces insulin allowing glucose to move from the blood into cells. It further stores glycogen in your liver and muscles and can be converted back into glucose when it is needed.

Question 10

What is glucagon?

Answer 10

If the blood glucose concentration falls below the ideal range, the pancreas secretes another hormone called glucagon, letting your liver break down glycogen, converting it to glucose, releasing it back into your blood.

Question 11

What happens if your glycogen stores are full?

Answer 11

Any excess glucose is transferred into lipids and stored, so you get obese.

Question 12

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 12

This is when your pancreas doesn’t make enough or any insulin, so your blood glucose concentration is not controlled.

Question 13

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 13

This is when you get older, usually linking to obesity and lack of exercise. However it can also be genetical.

Question 14

How can you treat type 1 diabetes?

Answer 14

You need replacement insulin before meals, as an injection into your blood. This allows your glucose to be taken into the body and converted to glycogen in the liver, stopping the concentration to become too high.

Question 15

How can you treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer 15

Eating a balanced diet, losing weight, doing exercise. .

Question 16

What is negative feedback?

Answer 16

This helps you maintain a steady rate, so for example if a factor in the environment changes, changes take place to return it to the original level.

Question 17

What is thyroxine?

Answer 17

This controls the basal metabolic rate of your body, acting a large part in growth and development.

Question 18

What does adrenaline cause?

Answer 18

Heart rate and breathing rate to increase, stored glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose for respiration, the pupils to dilate, mental awareness to increase, blood to be diverted to limbs.

Question 19

What is oestrogen?

Answer 19

It is the female reproductive hormone produced by the ovaries, often released in puberty.

Question 20

What is testosterone?

Answer 20

It is the male reproductive hormone produced by the testes, often released in puberty.

Question 21

What hormones are involved during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

FSH causes the eggs in the ovary to mature, LH stimulates the release of the egg and oestrogen and progesterone stimulate the build-up and maintenance of the uterus lining.

Question 22

What does FSH do?

Answer 22

It causes the egg to mature and stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen.

Question 23

What does LH do?

Answer 23

It triggers ovulation.

Question 24

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 24

It causes the lining of the uterus to develop, inhibits the release of FSH and stimulates the release of LH.

Question 25

What does progesterone do?

Answer 25

It maintains the lining of the uterus and inhibits the release of both FSH and LH.

Question 26

What is contraception?

Answer 26

It is a hormonal or non hormonal way of controlling fertility.

Question 27

What are 6 methods of contraception?

Answer 27

Hormone based contraception which make no eggs mature. Chemical methods such as spermicides, barrier methods such as a condom. Intrauterine devices which last 3-5 years. Being abstinent. Surgical methods such as a vasectomy.

Question 28

Why are some people infertile and how can it be avoided?

Answer 28

As they do not make enough FSH to stimulate the maturation of eggs in ovaries. They can take pills to counteract it.

Question 29

What is IVF?

Answer 29

In vitro fertilisation, which is used when the oviducts have been damaged or blocked.

Question 30

How does IVF work(4)?

Answer 30

They are given FSH for eggs to mature. The eggs are collected and fertilised with fathers sperm in a lab. Placed into an incubator to grow into embryos. Taken out and inserted into uterus.

Question 31

What are some disadvantages to IVF?

Answer 31

It can cause a large expense, is not always successful, may have health risks and may be emotionally and physically stressful.

Question 32

What are plants sensitive to?

Answer 32

Light and gravity.

Question 33

What is tropism?

Answer 33

The response of the plant.

Question 34

What is phototropism?

Answer 34

The response of a plant to light.

Question 35

What is geotropism?

Answer 35

The response of a plant to gravity.

Question 36

What is auxin?

Answer 36

A hormone that produces growth in a plant released at the tip of the root and shoot of the plant. They dissolve and diffuse backwards along the shoot or the root.

Question 37

Which direction do roots and shoots grow in response to light and gravity?

Answer 37

Shoots grow towards light and away from gravity, while roots grow away from light and in the direction of the force of gravity.

Question 38

What are gibberelins?

Answer 38

They are plant hormones that are important in initiating seed germination, triggering the breakdown of the food stores in the seed at the start of germination. They also stimulate the growth of plant hormones.

Question 39

How is ethene used in plant hormones?

Answer 39

It is used in controlling cell division and can ripen plants. Growers harvest it when it is not ripe, then transport the unripe fruit as they are less likely to be damaged. Then it is added to ethene and can be rapidly ripened for sale.

Question 40

How can auxins be used?

Answer 40

It naturally stimulates growth in plants and can be used as a weedkiller to send into plants, causing rapid growth killing it. This causes the prices to be cheaper due to increased yeild.

Question 41

How can you use gibberellins in plant hormones?(3)

Answer 41

They are used to end seed dormancy, speeding up the germination of barley seeds. They are used to promote flowering throughout the year. They are also used to increase the size of fruit.

Question 42

How do the reproductive hormones interact?

Answer 42

FSH causes ovaries to produce oestrogen. Increase in oestrogen leads to more LH. High progesterone causes high LH and FSH

Question 43

How do hormonal methods of contraception work?

Answer 43

Oestrogen is used to inhibit the production of FSH, and the progesterone inhibits the production of FSH and LH, of which FSH causes the egg to mature and LH manages the release of the egg.

Question 44

Where do auxins accumulate on the plant?

Answer 44

In the shoots, on the shady side and on the roots, the lower side.

Question 45

What do auxins do for growth in a plant?

Answer 45

In the root they inhibit growth and in the shoot they prioritise growth.

Question 46

Is the endocrine system fast or slow?

Answer 46

Slow as hormones take time but it lasts long.