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B11 + C1 + C2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in an organism to maintain life.

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2
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein acting as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions.

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3
Q

Substrate

A

Specific reactant an enzyme acts upon.

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4
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule that assists enzymes, often derived from vitamins.

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5
Q

Activation Energy

A

Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

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6
Q

Enzymes that Lower Activation Energy

A

Enzymes decrease activation energy, making reactions faster (shown by lower peaks on energy vs. reaction graphs).

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7
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Enzyme’s active site changes shape to fit the substrate better upon binding, enhancing catalysis.

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8
Q

Enzymes vs. Coenzymes

A

Enzymes catalyze reactions, while coenzymes transport chemical groups.

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9
Q

Vitamins as Coenzymes

A

Vitamins like B-complex act as coenzymes in biochemical reactions.

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10
Q

Enzyme Activity Factors

A

pH & Temperature affect enzyme shape and function. Concentration changes impact reaction rate.

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11
Q

Inhibitors:
Competitive

A

Bind active site, blocking substrate.

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12
Q

Inhibitors Non-competitive

A

Bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape.

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13
Q

Heavy Metals as inhibitors

A

Act as non-competitive inhibitors by altering enzyme structure.

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14
Q

Thyroid & Thyroxin

A

Thyroid produces thyroxin, which regulates metabolism.

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15
Q

Mouth

A

Chews food, begins digestion.

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16
Q

Tongue

A

Aids in swallowing and taste.

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17
Q

Teeth

A

Break food into smaller pieces.

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18
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Produce saliva to moisten food and digest starch.

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway for food to esophagus.

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20
Q

Epiglottis

A

Prevents food from entering the trachea.

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21
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Controls entry to the stomach.

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Transports food to stomach using peristalsis.

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22
Q

Stomach

A

Secretes acid and enzymes to digest proteins.

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22
Q

Swallowing

A

Moves food from the mouth to the esophagus.

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22
Liver
Produces bile to emulsify fats.
22
Pyloric Sphincter
Controls flow from stomach to small intestine.
23
Pancreas
Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize acid.
23
Appendix
Vestigial organ with some immune functions.
23
Gall Bladder
Stores and releases bile.
23
Duodenum
First part of small intestine; site of most chemical digestion.
23
Rectum
Stores feces before excretion.
23
Small Intestine
Absorbs nutrients using villi and microvilli.
24
Large Intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes. Consists of colon and rectum
24
Pancreas & Insulin
Pancreas produces insulin, regulating blood sugar.
24
Anus
Controls release of feces.
24
Peristalsis
Wave-like contractions pushing food through the digestive tract.
24
Bile & Fat Emulsification
Bile breaks fats into droplets, increasing surface area for digestion.
24
Small Intestine Specialization
Villi and microvilli increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
24
Anaerobic Bacteria in Colon
Digest fiber, produce vitamins (like vitamin K), promote gut health.
24
Functions of the Liver
Produces bile, detoxifies, stores vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, etc.
24
Peptidases
From small intestine; break down peptides into amino acids.
24
Pancreatic Amylase
From pancreas; continues starch digestion.
25
Villus Structure
Contains capillaries for nutrient absorption and lacteals for fats.
25
Proteases
From stomach & pancreas; break down proteins.
25
Dissection Microscope Use
Observe and identify digestive structures under the microscope.
25
Salivary Amylase
From salivary glands; breaks down starch.
25
Lipase
From pancreas; breaks down fats.
25
Nuclease
From pancreas; breaks down nucleic acids.
25
Maltase
From small intestine; breaks down maltose into glucose.
25
Water in Digestive Juices
Dissolves food and helps in enzyme action.
26
Sodium Bicarbonate
Neutralizes stomach acid in small intestine, providing an optimal pH.
27
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Activates pepsinogen into pepsin and maintains stomach acidity.
28
Mucus in Gastric Juice
Protects the stomach lining from digestive acids and enzymes.
29
Importance of pH in Digestive Tract
Different regions have specific pH levels for optimal enzyme activity.
30
Factors that affect function of enzyme
pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration
31
6 major functions of liver
Producing bile. Urea production Detoxifying harmful substances. Storing vitamins and minerals. Makes blood protein Fat storage by glycogen
32
Crohn's disease
persistent inflammation of intestine due to immune response against own intestinal tissues and bacteria
33
celiac disease
autoimmune unable to digest **gluten** otherwise damages villi
34
polyps
small growths arising from epithelial lining in colon can be benign/cancerous
35
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas by excessive alchohol consumption/ gallstones that block duct
36
pancreatic cancer
almost always fatal resistant to treatment and spreads to other organs before symptoms appear
37
hepatitis
inflammation of liver commonly caused by one of several viruses
38
hepatitis A
aquired by consuming food/water contaminated w/ sewage (vaccine available)
39
hepatitis B
spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles (vaccine available)
40
hepatitis C
spread by sex, transfusions/contaminated needles (no vaccine)
41
cirrhosis
chronic disease of liver liver becomes fatty, then into scar tissue
42
gall stones
small hard masses that form in gall bladder cholesterol precipitates out of bile=forms crystal=gallstones jaundice
43
diabetes
excess production of urine
44
mellitus
sweet piss (sugar in urine)
45
type 1 diabetes
begins in childhood doesn't produce enough insulin
46
type 2 diabetes
often overweight/obese fat tissue may produce substance that impairs insulin receptor function
47
diabetes mellitus
condition disrupts glucose metabolism ketone buildup
48
parotid gland
below ears
49
sublingual
below tongue
50
submandibular
under lower jaw
51
bucal cavity
the mouth basically
52
enzymes secreted by pancreas
pancreatic amylase-->maltose trypsin-->peptides lipase-->fatty acids + glycerol
53
intestinal (duodenal) glands
found in inner wall of SI produces peptidase + disachharadisase
54
Colon
reabsorbtion of water + salts + vitamins 3 parts: ascending, transverse, descending

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