B9 cell membrane +B10

Question 1

Structure: Phospholipids

Answer 1

Molecules with a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

Question 2

Function: Phospholipids

Answer 2

Form the lipid bilayer, providing a barrier and structure to the membrane.

Question 3

Structure: Proteins

Answer 3

Molecules embedded in or associated with the lipid bilayer.

Question 4

Function: Proteins

Answer 4

Serve as channels, receptors, and enzymes, facilitating communication and transport.

Question 5

Structure: Glycoproteins

Answer 5

Proteins with carbohydrate chains attached.

Question 6

Function: Glycoproteins

Answer 6

Involved in cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion.

Question 7

Structure: Glycolipids

Answer 7

Lipids with carbohydrate chains attached.

Question 8

Function: Glycolipids

Answer 8

Contribute to cell recognition and signaling, helping to stabilize membrane structure.

Question 9

Structure: Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Sugar molecules found on the outer surface of the membrane.

Question 10

Function: Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Play a role in cell recognition and interaction.

Question 11

Structure: Cholesterol

Answer 11

Lipid molecule interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 12

Function: Cholesterol

Answer 12

Stabilizes membrane fluidity, maintaining structure and integrity.

Question 13

Factor: Concentration Gradient

Answer 13

A steeper gradient increases the diffusion rate.

Question 14

Factor: Temperature

Answer 14

Higher temperatures increase molecular movement, speeding up diffusion.

Question 15

Factor: Surface Area of the Membrane

Answer 15

Larger surface area allows more molecules to diffuse at once.

Question 16

Factor: Membrane Thickness

Answer 16

Thicker membranes slow diffusion; thinner membranes speed it up.

Question 17

Factor: Size of the Molecules

Answer 17

Smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger ones.

Question 18

Factor: Lipid Solubility

Answer 18

Lipid-soluble molecules diffuse faster across the membrane.

Question 19

Factor: Presence of Membrane Proteins

Answer 19

Facilitated diffusion via proteins speeds up transport of large or polar molecules.

Question 20

Factor: Charge of the Molecules

Answer 20

Charged molecules require transport proteins, affecting the diffusion rate.

Question 21

Active Transport

Answer 21

Moves molecules against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Question 22

Endocytosis

Answer 22

Cell engulfs materials into a vesicle from the membrane, requiring energy.

Question 23

Phagocytosis

Answer 23

Engulfs large particles into the cell through vesicle formation.

Question 24

Pinocytosis

Answer 24

Engulfs extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes into the cell.

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

Expels materials from the cell by vesicles fusing with the membrane.

Question 26

High Surface Area to Volume Ratio (Characteristic)

Answer 26

Smaller cells with more surface area relative to volume, promoting efficient exchange.

Question 27

Low Surface Area to Volume Ratio (Characteristic)

Answer 27

Larger cells with less surface area relative to volume, limiting efficient exchange.

Question 28

Process: Diffusion

Answer 28

Concentration Gradient: Moves down (high to low). Channel/Carrier Protein: Not used. Energy Use: No energy required. Molecules Transported: Small, non-polar (e.g., O₂, CO₂).

Question 29

Process: Osmosis

Answer 29

Concentration Gradient: Moves down (water gradient). Channel/Carrier Protein: May use aquaporins. Energy Use: No energy required. Molecules Transported: Water (small, polar).

Question 30

Process: Facilitated Transport

Answer 30

Concentration Gradient: Moves down (high to low). Channel/Carrier Protein: Uses channel or carrier proteins. Energy Use: No energy required. Molecules Transported: Larger or charged (e.g., glucose, ions).

Question 31

Process: Endocytosis

Answer 31

Concentration Gradient: Not gradient-dependent. Channel/Carrier Protein: Not used (vesicles involved). Energy Use: Requires ATP. Molecules Transported: Large particles or fluids (e.g., bacteria).

Question 32

Process: Exocytosis

Answer 32

Concentration Gradient: Not gradient-dependent. Channel/Carrier Protein: Not used (vesicles involved). Energy Use: Requires ATP. Molecules Transported: Large particles, secretions, or waste.