B1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

How many bonds can carbon form with other atoms

Answer 1

4 covalent bonds

Question 2

what are the causes and consequences of covalent bonds between atoms

Answer 2

-single, double, and triple bonds allow more diverse structures
-create numerous isomers with unique properties
-Bonds with various atoms enhance reactivity and compound diversity

Question 3

What are carbon-carbon bonds

Answer 3

a covalent bond between two C atoms.

Question 4

What are the characteristics of a carbon-carbon bond

Answer 4

-strong and stable; therefore, long-chained carbon compounds provide the basic framework for many molecules.
-The longer a chain of carbon-carbon bonds are, the more stable it is

Question 5

what are the 4 major classes of carbon compounds used in living organisms

Answer 5

-Fatty acids
-glucose
-nucleic acid
-amino acid

Question 6

Define monomer and polymer

Answer 6

A single macromolecule is referred to as a monomer
-A long chain of monomers is a polymer

Question 7

Draw Glucose – C6H12O6

Answer 7

refer to figure 7

Question 8

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 8

the rotation

Refer to figure 8

Question 9

what is an isomer

Answer 9

An isomer is a compound with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure, such as alpha and beta glucose.

Question 10

what are the Glucose Properties?

Answer 10

Glucose has two isomers: alpha-glucose (α-glucose) and beta-glucose (β-glucose).
Glucose is a soluble molecule.
Glucose is a stable molecule.
Glucose can be oxidised.

Question 11

What happens when Making polymers

Answer 11

A condensation reaction
produces water

Question 12

What happens when breaking polymers

Answer 12

a hydrolysis reaction
involves water

Question 13

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 13

a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides that are typically used by our bodies for energy or to help with cellular structure

Question 14

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 14

any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.

Question 15

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 15

a long-chain carbohydrate made up of smaller carbohydrates called monosaccharides

Question 16

what complex sugar is this:
-starch
-a glucose
-a(1,4) bonds
-spiral structure
-glycosidic bonds
-slow energy release

Answer 16

amylose

Question 17

What complex sugar is this:
-unbranched (linear)
-b(1,4) bonds
-glycosidic bonds
-b glucose
-cell wall

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 or 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-starch
-quick energy release

Answer 18

amylopectin

Question 19

What complex sugar is this:
-1,6 and 1,4 bonds
-A glucose
-branched
-quick energy release

Answer 19

glycogen

Question 20

Why is cellulose needed in the cell wall?

Answer 20

-Strong
-permeable to many substances
-main structure of plants
-most organic compounds found on Earth

Question 21

Draw a hexose and pentose monosaccharides

Answer 21

refer to figure 9

Question 22

What are glycoproteins

Answer 22

They are proteins that have one or more carbohydrates attached to them

Question 23

What are the roles of glycoproteins?

Answer 23

-Cell-cell recognition
-receptors
-structural support

Question 24

what is an antigen

Answer 24

The tag which identifies

Question 25

What is an antibody

Answer 25

Something that recognizes specific tags which tells them if the cell is good (like the police officer which identifies if they are good or not)

Question 26

discuss the consequences of the presence of a, b and o glycoproteins during blood transfusion

Answer 26

-immune Response and Compatibility -universal donors & recipient (o -- universal donar, AB universal recipiant)

Question 27

What are microfibrils

Answer 27

thread-like structures made of cellulose formed by hydrogen bonds, found in plant cell walls.

Question 28

Discuss the benefit of polysaccharides coiling and branching during polymerization

Answer 28

Coiling: Allows it to be more compact, saving space in the cell Branching; Allows for the process to go by faster, with more ends to enzymes to reach

Question 29

What is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 29

A reaction where water breaks down a larger molecule into two smaller parts

Question 30

What are lipids

Answer 30

diverse group of organic macromolecules which hydrophobic, and are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that are formed in a long-chain

Question 31

What are examples of lipids

Answer 31

-triglycerides (fats) -waxes -phospholipids -glycolipids

Question 32

Explain the structure and characteristics of triglyceride (fatty acid)

Answer 32

-a zig-zag structure -the simplest form of lipids -glycerol (3x OH-groups)+ fatty acids

Question 33

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride

Answer 33

Saturated -saturated c-c -usually solid unsaturated -unsaturated c(double bond)c -usually liquid - low melting point

Question 34

Draw a triglyceride

Answer 34

Refer to figure 10

Question 35

Why do we call fatty acid an “acid”?

Answer 35

We describe fatty acid molecules as ‘acids’ because in an aqueous solution, their functional group (–COOH) tends to ionize (slightly) to produce hydrogen ions, which is the property of an acid

Question 36

Explain the condensation reaction connecting fatty. acids and glycerol to form a triglyceride

Answer 36

Glycerol + fatty acid --> Condensation reaction = monoglyceride + water (To get triglyceride the condensation is repeated three times)

Question 37

What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

Answer 37

monounsaturated = one double bond polyunsaturated = more than one double bond

Question 38

How to identify a cis or trans unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 38

The orientation of the h atoms around the double carbon bond Cis fat = both h atoms are on top trans fat = one h top one h bottom

Question 39

what are the properties of cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 39

cis: -More common -Improve heart health by reducing -“bad” cholesterol levels Olive oil, nuts, avocados Trans: -Less common -Raise bad cholesterol (LDL) levels, lowers good cholesterol (HDL) levels -Industrial vegetable oil

Question 40

Why are Triglycerides good for long-term storage?

Answer 40

-less easily oxidized -->Requires more steps to break down due to complex structure -->Stored in adipose tissue which makes it less accessible

Question 41

Triglycerides are in the Adipose tissue, What is the Adipose tissue

Answer 41

Adipose tissue = fatty layer underneath the skin Keeps animals afloat (blubber) Keeps animals warm Keeps energy storage

Question 42

what is the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 42

-Have only two fatty acids -Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

Question 43

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Answer 43

hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic tail

Question 44

Draw a diagram of the phospholipid with a phosphate-glyceral head and two fatty acid tails

Answer 44

Refer to figure 11

Question 45

what do these three terms mean: hydrophobic hydrophilic amphipathic

Answer 45

hydrophobic - water-repelling region hydrophilic- water-attracting region amphipathic - contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 46

Explain why phospholipids from bilayers in water

Answer 46

The hydrophobic tail is inside, while the hydrophilic head faces outwards interacting with the environment

Question 47

what are steroid molecules

Answer 47

group of naturally occurring hormones which are relatively small non-polar organic compounds

Question 48

what are the three types of steroid molecules

Answer 48

1) cholesterol (biggie) 2) estradiol (HO with double bonds around the ring) 3) testosterone (O with a double bond)

Question 49

Why can steroid hormones able to pass directly through the phospholipid layer

Answer 49

they are small and hydrophobic