B11 hormonal coordination

Question 1

what is a hormone

Answer 1

a chemical messenger secreted by a gland

Question 2

what is the endocrine system

Answer 2

made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 3

what is the pituitary gland

Answer 3

found in the brain
secretes several hormones in response to the bodies conditions
These hormones in turn act on other glands to stimulate other
hormones to be released to bring about effects

Question 4

what is thyroxine

Answer 4

its a hormone produced by the thyroid gland
increases metabolic rate
controls growth and development in young animals
controlled by negative feedback

Question 5

what is adrenaline

Answer 5

produced by the adrenal glands in times of stress and fear
increases heart rate boosting delivery of oxygen to brain and muscles
prepares body for ‘flight or fight’

Question 6

how is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled

Answer 6

the pancreas

Question 7

what happens if blood glucose concentration is too high

Answer 7

pancreas releases more insulin
insulin causes glucose to move from blood into cells
in liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted into glycogen for storage

Question 8

what happens if blood glucose concentration is too low

Answer 8

pancreas releases glucagon
glucagon stimulates glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into blood

Question 9

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 9

a disorder caused by the pancreas failing to produce sufficient insulin resulting in uncontrolled high blood glucose levels

Question 10

how is type 1 diabetes treated

Answer 10

normally treated with insulin injections

Question 11

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

a disorder caused by the body cells no longer responding to insulin

Question 12

name a type 2 diabetes risk factor

Answer 12

obesity

Question 13

how is type 2 diabetes treated

Answer 13

a carbohydrate controlled diet
regular exercise

Question 14

what do reproductive hormones do during puberty

Answer 14

cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

Question 15

where is oestrogen found

Answer 15

the ovaries

Question 16

what is oestrogen

Answer 16

the main female reproductive hormone
At puberty eggs begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation

Question 17

where is testosterone produces

Answer 17

the testes

Question 18

what is testosterone

Answer 18

the main male reproductive hormone produced by
the testes and it stimulates sperm production

Question 19

how many hormones control the menstrual cycle

Answer 19

4

Question 20

what is the follicle stimulating hormone secreted by

Answer 20

pituitary gland

Question 21

what is the function follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 21

causes eggs to mature in the ovaries in the first part of the cycle
stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 22

what is the function of oestrogen

Answer 22

inhibits FSH release
stimulates LH release
makes lining of uterus grow again after menstruation

Question 23

what is the luteinising hormone secreted by

Answer 23

pituitary gland

Question 24

what is the function of LH

Answer 24

stimulates release of egg in the ovary

Question 25

where is progesterone secreted

Answer 25

by an empty follicle in the ovaries

Question 26

what is the function of progesterone

Answer 26

maintains lining of the uterus during second half of the cycle inhibits both FSH and LH release

Question 27

what are the 2 hormonal methods of contraception

Answer 27

oral contraceptive (the combined pill) contain oestrogen and progesterone inhibiting FSH production meaning no egg is released

Question 28

name the non hormonal methods of contreception

Answer 28

barrier methods e.g condom preventing sperm reaching egg intrauterine devices - prevent embryos implanting in the uterus spermicidal creams- kill or disable sperm not having intercourse when egg may be in oviduct surgical methods of sterilization

Question 29

how does the fertility drug increase fertility

Answer 29

doctors may give FSH and LH in a fertility drug to a woman if her own level of FSH is too low to stimulate eggs to mature

Question 30

describe the process of IVF

Answer 30

IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory. The fertilised eggs develop into embryos. At the stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother's uterus (womb).

Question 31

what are the disadvantages to fertility treatment

Answer 31

emotionally and physically stressful sucess rates are not high can lead to multiple birth a risk for the baby and mother