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b1.4-b1.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Space
Light
Water

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2
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Food
Territory
Mate
Water

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3
Q

Define interspecific competition

A

Competition between members of different species

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4
Q

Give an example of interspecific competition

A

Red and grey squirrels competing for food

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5
Q

Define intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species

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6
Q

Give an example of intraspecific competition

A

Male zebras fight to defend territory

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7
Q

Define an extremophile

A

An organism that has adapted to thrive in extreeme conditions

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8
Q

Give examples of extreme environments

A

Extreme temp
Hyper saline lakes
High pressure (sea bed)
Acidic lakes

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9
Q

Give an example of an extremophile and what their habitat is

Explain how they are adapted for their enviornment

A

Deep sea pompeii worm
Hydrothermal vents

Withstands temp ~100 degrees
Uses thick layer of bacteria (hidden in papery tube)
-->DETOXIFIES VENT FLUID FOR WORM
---->HIDES BACTERIA FROM PREY 
=mutually beneficial
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10
Q

Define adaptations

A

Physical or behavioural characteristics that an organism possesses which enables them to survive in their specific enviornment

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11
Q

What adaptations do animals in cold climates possess?

How do these help them thrive?

GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A 
POLAR BEARS
Small SA:V ratio
-->reduces heat loss
Black skin 
-->maximises absorbtion of heat (reduces radiation)
Thick layer of blubber
-->insulation
White fur
-->camoflage against snow
Strong legs
-->Extra power+speed offers advantage when hunting prey
Hibernate
-->Avoid coldest season
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12
Q

What adaptations do animals in hot arid climates possess?

How do these help them thrive?

GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A 
MEERKATS
High SA:V ratio
-->body heat lost more readily
Low body fat
-->reduces insulation
Sandy coloured thin fur
-->camoflage against sand/reduces insulation
Nocturnal
-->Avoids hottest part of the day
Little sweat+Concentrated urine
-->Reduced water loss 
Omnivores
-->Can eat any available food
Closed eyes w/ clear membrane
-->Shield from loose dirt
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13
Q

What adaptations do plants living in cold climates have?

How do these allow them to thrive in their enviornment?

GIVE A NAMED EXAMPLE

A 
ARCTIC PLANTS
Grow bunched together+close to ground
-->preserve heat/avoid wind
Shallow root systems
-->skim thin unfrozen layer on top of permafrost
Fuzzy coverings on stems,leaves and buds
-->insulation
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14
Q

How adaptations do plants growing in hot, low water climates?
How do these adaptations allow them to thrive?

GIVE A NAMED EXAMPLE

A 
CACTI
Small SA:V ratio
-->Reduces evapotransporation 
Thick stem 
-->stores water 
Shallow and extensive roots
-->Absorb water quickly over a large area
Spines instead of leaves
-->leaves loose water vapour from large SA
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15
Q

Name a plant that has adapted to live on nutrient low soil

How have they adapted to thrive in this environment?

A

VENUS FLY TRAP
Carnivorous
–>Doesn’t rely on nutrient low soil–>finds nutrients from other sources
Toothlike hairs on edges of leaves-Sensitive to vibrations
–>Can sense potential prey
Sweet smelling nectar
–>Attracts insects to eat

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16
Q

How have organisms adapted to deter predators?

Give specific examples

A 
Armour
-->roses have thorns
-->tortoises have shells
Poison
-->poison ivy
-->bees
Warning colours
-->wasps
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17
Q

Define mimics

A

Animals that look or act like poisonous animals

–>so that other organisms mistake them for this animal and don’t attack them

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18
Q

Give an example of a mimic

A

SCARLET RING SNAKE mimics stripes of deadly CORAL SNAKE

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19
Q

Define a bioindicator

A

A living organism that is sensitive to change it=n it’s environment and so can be used to indicate pollution and to understand effect of human activities

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20
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for air pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Lichen

Sensitive to conc. of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere
Clean air=more lichens
–>No. in a place and type indicates how clean the air is/how polluted w sulfur dioxide

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21
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for no water pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Mayfly Larvae

V sensitive to conc. of dissolved oxygen in water
Large no=clean water

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22
Q

Give an example of a bioindicator for high levels of water pollution

Explain how and why they are a bioindicator

A

Rat-tailed Maggot

Invertebrate species that have adapted to live in stagnant water
–>Indicate high levels of water pollution

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23
Q

What does the increase in a bacterial population in a river indicate?

Why

A

Presence of sewage

–>use up oxygen

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24
Q

What are non-living indicators that humans use to track the effect of our activity on earth?

Describe how they work

A

Automatic weather stations

–>contain sens/accurate thermometers–>reads atmospheric temp.
–>Measure rainfall using raing gauges
(measure how average rainfall changes every year)

Satellites

  • ->measure temp of sea surface
  • ->measure amount of snow/ changes in ice coverage

GIVE GLOBAL COVERAGE

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25
Give examples of living and non-living factors which change environments constantly
LIVING population of predators population of prey/availability of food source population of competitors NON-LIVING change in av. temp change in av. rainfall change in water/air pollution
26
What are the three ways in which changing environments can affect a population?
DECREASES INCREASES DISTRIBUTION CHANGES
27
Give an example of a population decreasing Give reasons for this change
Bees COULD BE: - pesticides having negative effects - less food - more disease
28
Give an example of a population increasing Give reasons for this change
Predator species -->prey population has increased =more available food =more predators survive to reproduce
29
Give an example of a population changing distribution Give reasons for this change
ORGANISMS MIGRATING SEASONALLY ANNUALLY -->follow resources that are necessary for their ssurvival EG temp rising unfavourably-->will move to climate w desired conditions RINGED PLOVERS -->sweden->Uk = more mild
30
What does each bar in a pyramid of biomass represent?
Mass of living material at that stage of the food chain
31
Why is a pyramid of biomass always useful in comparison to a pyramid of population?
Provides more accurate representation of how much energy is passed at each trophic level
32
What does the bottom bar on a PofB represent?
Producer
33
What is a producer?
Autotroph -->makes own food from photosynthesis Botoom of food chain
34
What is a primary consumer?
Eats producer
35
What is a secondary consumer?
Eats primary consumer
36
What is an apex predator?
A predator that is not the prey of any organism
37
What is the most efficient food chain? | Why?
Least amount of trophic levels | -->least amount of energy lost to respiration and excretion of organisms
38
Where is energy lost to in a food chain?
``` Excretion Respiration -->Warmth -->Growth -->Movement ```
39
Why are there rarely food chains with more than 5 trophic levels?
Wont support apex predator | -->energy lost at every trophic level
40
Define an anabolic reaction
A reaction that makes something
41
Give 2 examples of anabolic reactions
Protein synthesis Cell division
42
Define a catabolic reaction
A reaction that breaks something down
43
Give 2 examples of catabolic reactions
Respiration Digestion
44
Define decay
The breakdown of organic material (living/once living carbon biomass) by detrivores or microbes
45
Define organic material
Living or once living biomass
46
Which organisms contribute to decay?
DETRIVORES worms,woodlice,minibeasts MICROBES bacteria,fungi
47
What are the three stages of decay?
Enzyme breakdown Absorbtion of carbohydrates Aerobic respiration of dead organic matter-->need oxygen-->release carbon dioxide and heat
48
Name the three factors affecting the rate of decomposition Describe how
``` MOISTURE -needed for survival of detrivus feeders OXYGEN LEVELS -needed for respiration TEMPERATURE -needed for survival of detrivus feeders/helps decay ```
49
Define the carbon cycle
The constant recycling of carbon
50
What is the only biological process which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
51
Which biological processes release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
Decay Respiration (Combustion-ffs-plant/animal products)
52
What is genetic variation?
Natural variation within a species
53
Define discontinuous variation
Can be categorised
54
Give two examples of discontinuous variation
Eye colour | Skin colour
55
Define continuous variation
Has a numerical value on continuing scale
56
Give two examples of continuous data
Weight | Height
57
What causes genetic variation of an offspring from their parents
The combination of genetic material
58
Define environmental variation
The environment an organism lives and grows in causes difference in members of same species
59
Give an example of genetic variation
Eye colour | Blood group
60
Give an example of environmental variation
Losing a limb | Plants growing spindly w/ yellow leave (instead of green-->little access to light)
61
Give an example of variation that is due to a mix of genetic and environmental variation
Academic success | Max height of a plan
62
Define alleles
Different versions of gene-->results in diff versions of a characteristic
63
What are genes responsible for?
Specific characteristics
64
What is the basis of sexual reproduction
Genetic information from 2 different organisms are combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent
65
What chromosomes do sperm carry?
HAPLOID | 23 chromosomes
66
What chromosomes do eggs carry?
HAPLOID | 23
67
What is the process of asexual reproduction
Cell replicates it's genetic information | Divides in 2
68
What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?
``` Asexual: One parent No fusing of gametes Diploid to diploid No genetic variation ``` ``` Sexual: Two parents Fusing of gametes Haploid+Haploid=Diploid Genetic variation ```
69
Explain the process of binary fission
X shaped chromosomes have two identical halves -->split into 2 =Two identical sets of chromosomes Membrane forms around each set -->DNA replicates itself to be a full set =Two identical cells =Both have full sets of DNA
70
Explain the process of cloning plants from plants
Cuttings taken from healthy plant Dipped in ACC and planted -->Will grow into genetically identical clones of parents
71
Explain the process of embryo transplant cloning
Sperm taken from male Egg taken from female -->Sperm artificially fertilises egg Embryo split many times whilst still in stem cell phase into smaller embryos -->Implanted into uterus of surrogate mother =Offspring which are genetically identical to each other
72
Explain the process of adult cell cloning
``` Egg cell enucleated Diploid nucleus of somatic cell removed Insertion of nucelusinto enucleated egg Stimulated by electric chock-->to divide by mitosis -->=FUSED CELL DEVELOPS INTO EMBRYO =DOLLY THE SHEEP ```
73
What are the pros and cons ethically of adult cell cloning
``` PROS Preservation of endangered species Produces ideal offspring CONS Reduced gene pool-->higher risk of large spread effects of genetic diseases Health complications Ethics surrounding ```
74
Define genetic engineering
Planting a useful gene from one organism into the genome of another using restriction enzymes in order to produce an organism with desired/useful characteristics
75
Explain the process of genetically engineering bacteria to produce human insulin
Isolate healthy human insulin and cut it out of chromosome-->RESTRICTION ENZYMES Inserted into plasmin of bacteria-->RESTRICTION ENZYMES Bacteria fermented in tank reproduce asexually) -->Will produce insulin Extract: use centrifuge -->insulin float to top -->STERILISE =sold for use by diabetics
76
What are the pros and cons of GM crops?
PROS Increased crop yields Produce useful products CONS Possible allergies Reduce farmland biodiversity Unknown long term effect

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