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B2 Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system

A

Starch, proteins, fats

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2
Q

Molecules that can pass through the walls of the digestive system

A

Sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids

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3
Q

What are carbohydrases?

A

Digestive enzymes that break down starch to sugars

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4
Q

What are proteases?

A

Digestive enzymes that digest proteins to amino acids

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5
Q

Lipase?

A

Digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol

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6
Q

Mouth

A

Food is moistened with saliva from to salivary glands
They produce amylase
Food is chewed to form a bonus

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7
Q

Oesophagus

A

A tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach. It’s lined with muscles that contract to help the ball of food move along by peristalsis

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8
Q

Liver

A

Where bile is produced

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9
Q

Bile

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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10
Q

Gall bladder

A

Where bile is stored

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11
Q

Stomach

A

Pummels the food
Produces Pepsin
Hydrochloric acid

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12
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid

A

To kill bacteria

To give the right pH for the protease enzyme

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13
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes, it releases these into the small intestine

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14
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion.
This is where the food is absorbed out into the body

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15
Q

Large intestine

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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17
Q

Root hairs take in water by which process

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

Root hairs take in minerals by which process

A

Active transport

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19
Q

How does active transport work

A

Because the concentration of minerals in the soil is pretty low, it uses energy from respiration to help the plant pull minerals into the root hair against the concentration gradient

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20
Q

Xylem tubes

A

Transport water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant

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21
Q

Phloem tubes

A

Transport sugars from the leaves to growing and storage tissues

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22
Q

Transpiration.

A

The loss of water from a plant

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23
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of food into soluble products which are then absorbed into the body

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24
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

One long circular chromosome

Controls the cells activities and replication

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25
Plasmids
Small loops of extra DNA that aren't part of the chromosome Contain genes for things like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria
26
Flagellum
Rotates to make the bacterium move
27
What are the base pairs
Adenine- Thymine | Guanine- Cytosine
28
Who discovered the structure of DNA
Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins
29
Transcription
The DNA strands unzip The DNA is used as a template for the mRNA Base pairing ensures its complimentary
30
Translation
- mRNA moves out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome - Amino acids that match the base codons are brought to the ribosome by tRNA - The ribosome attaches the amino acids together in a Polypeptide chain (protein) - This then folds up into the right shape to do a specific job eg. Enzyme
31
Mutations
Change to an organisms DNA base sequence Can be harmful- genetic disorder Or beneficial- new characteristic- antibiotic resistance
32
Genetic engineering
Useful gene is cut out of the human DNA using restriction enzymes The restriction enzymes cut the bacterial DNA and put in the useful human gene
33
Uses for genetic engineering
- Reducing vitamin A deficiency-rice produce beta carotene - Producing human insulin - Increasing crop yield-resistant to herbicides
34
Problems with genetic engineering
- Reduce farmland diversity - Transplanted genes could get out to the natural environment eg. Weeds - People may develop allergies
35
Enzymes
Biological catalysts which reduce the need for high temperatures They are all proteins Can work inside or outside cells
36
How to enzymes react to heat
Rate of reaction increases with heat until the optimum temperature After which they are denatured
37
How to enzymes react to pH
Enzyme denatures if the pH is too high or too low | Peaks at the optimum pH
38
How to enzymes speed of reactions change with substrate concentration?
Increases until there are not enough enzymes
39
Human genome project
Thousands of scientists collaborated to find every single human gene
40
Benefits to the human genome project
- Predict and prevent diseases - Develop new and better medicines - Accurate diagnosis - Improve forensic science
41
Problems with the human genome project
- Increases stress- If people know they're suspect to a brain disease they may panic at small things like headaches - People with genetic problems could be under pressure not to have children - Discrimination by employers and insurers
42
Respiration
The process of breaking down Glucose to release energy which goes on in every living cell
43
Cloning mammals
``` Nucleus removed from an egg cell Adult diploid cell nucleus placed in Electric shock Embryo starts to develop Implanted into surrogate mother ```
44
Uses of cloning
- Help meet the demand for organ transplants - Greater understanding of the embryo, ageing and age related disorders - Preserve endangered species
45
Issues with cloning
- Reduced Gene pool - Cloned mammals mightn't live as long - Cloning often fails - Clones are often born with genetic defects - Clones immune systems are sometimes unhealthy
46
Stem cell uses
- Bone marrow transplant to cure sickle cell anaemia | - May be possible to create specialist cells to replace those that have been damaged
47
Problems with stem cells
- First a lot of research must be done - Ethical concerns such as - it is potentially a human life - the people who are suffering are more important and the ones used are unwanted from fertility clinics - In some countries stem cell research is banned
48
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose to lactic acid Doesn't release as much energy, build up of lactic acid causes cramp When the body can't supply oxygen to the muscles fast enough
49
EPOC
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
50
What happens when you exercise
- Your muscles contract more than normal so they need more energy - Your breathing rate increases and your heart rate increases - The rate of diffusion of CO2 and O2 at lung surface and in muscle cells increases
51
What are the three ways fossils can be formed
- Gradual replacements by minerals - Casts and impressions- material around it hardens - Preservation eg. glaciers and Amber
52
Why is the fossil record incomplete
- Few dead plants and animals actually turn into fossils - Some body parts decay away completely - There are fossils left to be discovered
53
What do fossils tell us
- What creatures and planes looked like - How long ago they existed - How they've evolved
54
Pentadactyl limb
- A limb with 5 digits - You can see it in many species - The similarity suggests species with the pentadactyl limb evolved from a common ancestor
55
Left side of the heart
Oxygenated blood to body Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta
56
Right side of the heart
Deoxygenated blood to lungs Vena carva Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery
57
Functional foods
A food that has some kind of health benefit beyond basic nutrition
58
Probiotics
Contain live bacteria to help keep your digestive system healthy and your immune system strong
59
Prebiotics
Contain carbohydrates we can't digest | Promote growth of good bacteria for digestive and immune system
60
Plant Stanol Esters
Chemicals that lower blood cholesterol and reduce risk of heart disease
61
Why does bile emulsify fats?
Breaks the fat into tiny droplets giving it a much larger surface area and so the lipase digests it faster
62
What are villi and why are they helpful?
Inside the small intestine - Have a big surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly into the blood - Single layer of surface cells so that digested food diffuses quickly - Good blood supply via capillary network to assist quick absorption of digested food
63
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart at high pressure - Walls are strong and elastic - Thick walls compared to lumen - Thick layers of muscle
64
Capillaries
Carry blood really close to every cell to exchange substances with them - Permeable walls - Supply oxygen and take away CO2 - Walls are one cell thick increasing the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs
65
Veins
Take blood back to the heart - Lower pressure so walls aren't as thick as arteries - Bigger lumen to help flow despite lower pressure - Valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction
66
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen - Biconcave disc for a large surface area - Contain haemoglobin (contains lots of iron) - Don't have a nucleus
67
White blood cells
- Change shape to consume unwelcome microorganisms - Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms - Produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms
68
Too many or too little white blood cells
Can increase the risk of infection | Or mean you have an infection or Leukaemia
69
Platelets
- Small fragments of cells - Help blood to clot at a wound - Lack of platelets means excessive bleeding or bruising
70
Plasma
Pale yellow liquid that keeps the blood fluid and transports everything - Red, White blood cells, Platelets - Nutrients like Glucose and Amino acids - Carbon dioxide - Urea - Hormones - Antibodies/ Antitoxins
71
Transpiration
- Caused by evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves - Creates a shortage of water so more is drawn up - Constant transpiration stream of water

Biology (8 decks)

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