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Biology Gcse Full 25-26 > B2-Cell Division > Flashcards

B2-Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells

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2
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

The three-stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two identical daughter cells

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3
Q

What is cloning?

A

The production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

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4
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process where cells become specialised for a particular function

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5
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body

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6
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division

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7
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can then be used in medical treatments

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8
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The single new cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

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9
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The part of the cell that contains genetic information

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10
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living organism

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the chemical from which chromosomes are made from and is a chemical molecule in the nucleus that carries our genetic code.

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12
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a thread like structure holding genes working to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

1) Interphase2) Mitosis3) Cytokinesis

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a section of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic.

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15
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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16
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

Stage 1 is the longest stage in the cell cycle and is called Interphase. The cells grow bigger, increase in mass, and carry our normal cell activities. Most importantly they replicate their DNA to form 2 copies of each chromosome ready for cell division. They also increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts ready for the cell to divide

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17
Q

What is the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis, In this process one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the dividing cell and the nucleus divides

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18
Q

What is the third stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis, this is the stage during which the cytoplasm and the cell membranes also divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

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19
Q

How many cells in your body dies every minute?

A

300 million

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20
Q

What happens when mitosis slows down/

A

you show the typical signs of ageing

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21
Q

Where is an embryonic stem cell found?

A

inside an embryo

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22
Q

What is the function of an embryonic stem cell?

A

They form all the specialised cells in your body through differentiation

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23
Q

Where is an Adult stem cell found?

A

Bone marrow, skin, brain, liver, eyes

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24
Q

What is the function of an adult stem cell?

A

They can create many more specialised cells of the same type to replace damaged or dead cells. (e.g liver stem cells can differentiate into liver cells)

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25
Where is meristem tissue found?
Near the tips of the roots and the buds of plants
26
What is the function of meristem tissue?
they make unspecialised cells (Plant Stem cells) that could potentially become a specialised cell
27
What is an example of a specialised cell that cannot reproduce by mitosis and has to be reproduced by stem cells?
red blood cells
28
What happens if a nerve cell is damaged or dies?
nerve cells cannot divide and are not replaced by stem cells. As a result, when a nerve cell is damaged they are not usually replaced
29
How can stem cells help eyesight in the blind?
specialised cells in your eye focus light and turn what they’re seeing into signals for the brain. Stem cells in your eye replace these if they are damaged. If someone’s stem cells are damaged, new donor stem cells can be used to repair the cornea of someone’s eye and restore vision
30
How can stem cells help spinal cord injuries?
Stem cells can be transplanted into someone’s spine which can then differentiate to replace nerve cells. This could be used to replace nerve cells that have died or been damaged following an injury
31
How can stem cells help damaged bone or cartilage?
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation (MSC’s) can be used to create bone and cartilage cells. Currently there are no treatments available using MSC’s but there is research going on
32
How can stem cells help heart problems following a heart attack?
Scientists previously thought that the heart did not produce any heart muscle cells of their own but research shows that they slowly produce them. These are produced slower as we get older and if you have a heart attack they are produced too slowly to repair the damage.
33
What are 5 injuries stem cells can be used to treat?
eyesight in the blind spinal cord injuries diabetes damaged bone or cartilage heart problems following a heart attack
34
What is producing identical offspring known as?
Cloning
35
Why can a plant cell be cloned?
Plant stem cells can be collected from the meristem tissue and undergo mitosis many times. Each of these undifferentiated cells will produce more cells by mitosis. Given different conditions, these will then differentiate to form tissues such as xylem, phloem, photosynthetic cells, and root hair cells that are needed to form a tiny new plant. The new plant will be identical to the parent plant
36
What do an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse together to form?
Zygote
37
What does a zygote divide to become?
Embryo
38
When is plant cloning used in agriculture?
It is used to clone a large number of identical crops with special features, such as antibiotic resistance. For example, every banana you eat is produced by a cloned plant
39
What does plant cloning allow us to do?
It allows us to save plants from extinctionIt gives us a way of producing large populations of identical plants for research
40
Where do most embryonic stem cells come from?
aborted embryos
41
What are 5 problems with stem cells?
Moral Issues* Time consuming* Potential to cause cancer* Infected with viruses* Waste of money
42
How are Moral Issues a problem with embryonic stem cells?
Some people feel that embryos cannot give permission and that using the stem cells are a violation of its human rights. The religious belief of others meant that they cannot accept any interference with the process of human reproduction
43
How is time consumption a problem with embryonic stem cells?
developing therapies using embryonic stem cells has been slow, difficult, expensive, and hard to control. However, scientists have only been working on them for 20 years.
44
How is the potential to cause cancer a problem with embryonic stem cells?
Embryonic stem cells divide and grow rapidly. This is partly why they are potentially so useful but there is some concern that they may cause cancer if they are used to treat people
45
How is potentially infected with viruses a problem with adult stem cells?
Adult stem cells might be infected with viruses, and so could transfer infections to the patients. If stem cells are used to treat another unrelated person, they may trigger an immune response, The patient may need to take immunosuppressant drugs to stop their body rejecting the new cells
46
How is a waste of money a problem with embryonic stem cells?
Some people believe it is a waste of money and that money would be better spent researching other areas of medicine
47
What is the process for therapeutic cloning?
1) The nucleus from a human skin cell (donor) is removed and kept 2) Nucleus from a human egg cell is removed and discarded 3) Skin cell nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell 4) Egg cell is given an electric shock to stimulate it into dividing 5) This develops into an embryo 6) The cells from this embryo are stem cells and are used to treat diseases
48
How many chromosomes do humans have?
23 pairs (46 chromosomes)
49
How may scientists produce many identical plants?
Take stem cells from meristem tissue for plant cloning
50
What’s the difference between an adult stem cell and an embryonic stem cell?
An embryonic stem cell can differentiate into any specialised cell An adult stem cell can only differentiate into a very limited range of specialised cells
51
Why do cells divide by mitosis?
To allow growth To repair body tissues To replace old/dead/worn out cells
52
What are the products of mitosis?
2 genetically identical daughter cells
53
Give 2 properties of a stem cell?
Can replicate many times * Has the potential to become specialised (i.e. different types of cell).
54
What are the advantages of using embryonic stem cells to treat diseases?
Have the potential to develop into any type of cell/tissue. Cells can become any cell type. Used to treat human diseases. Painless
55
What are the advantages of using adult stem cells to treat diseases?
Plentiful supply No ethical issues (in collection) as the person can give consent. Safer method as it is well tried/tested.
56
What are the disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells to treat diseases?
Unethical – embryos cannot give permission. - Possible harm/death to embryo.
57
What are the disadvantages of using adult stem cells to treat diseases?
Painful to extract Fewer diseases can be treated Can only form the type of cells as the tissue they were taken from. Possibility of infection during extraction of stem cells.
58
Why do cells divide by mitosis
Cell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
59
describe situations in given contexts where mitosis is occurring.
A cut healing → That’s mitosis, replacing damaged cells A baby growing in the womb → Mitosis is how its cells multiply Plants growing new shoots or roots → Mitosis in meristems Asexual reproduction in some organisms → Mitosis making identical offspring Cloning → Mitosis used to produce identical cells
60
What is a stem cell
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
61
Name a disease that stem cells have been used to treat.
Paralysis Diabetes Eyesight in the blind
62
Benefits of stem cells for mermistems
Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically. • Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction. • Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
63
Why do we use therapeutic cloning for cloning stem cells
Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical treatment
64
When do animals differentiate
Early life
65
When do plants grow and differentiate
Throughout their life
66
describe the importance of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms
Allows cells to grow,repair,rebuild,replicate,become specialised
67
What are gametes
Reproductive cells
68
What is tissue culture
Tissue culture is a technique used to create clones of plants in a controlled environment.
69
How do you clone a plant using cuttings?
Cut a healthy stem below a node Remove lower leaves (Optional) Dip in rooting hormone Plant in moist compost and cover with a plastic bag Keep warm, moist, and in indirect light Roots form in 2–3 weeks Transplant to soil
70
What is tissue culture in plant cloning?
A small piece of plant tissue (an explant) is sterilised and placed in nutrient agar Growth hormones trigger mitosis to form a callus (undifferentiated cells) Callus cells grow into shoots and roots Plantlets are planted in soil to grow into clones
71
What happens in the cell cycle
During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.

Biology Gcse Full 25-26 (11 decks)

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