Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Isaac's biology > B2 complete > Flashcards

B2 complete Flashcards

1
Q

Name causes of disease. (3)

A
  • Organism may be infected by pathogen.
  • Organism’s lifestyle may affect their health.
  • A mutation in the organism’s genes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a communicable disease.

eg:

A

A communicable disease is a disease which can be spread between organisms (bacteria).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease.

eg:

A

A disease which cannot be passed from one organism to another (cancers).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the four pathogens that can cause communicable diseases and a bit about them.

A
  • Bacteria > very small cells reproducing rapidly
  • Viruses > Not cells but replicate inside themselves inside the infected organism’s cell
  • Protists > Eukaryotic cell usually single celled
  • Fungi > Single celled thread like structures called hyphae.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the different ways in which communicable disease are transmitted. (5)

A
  • Diseases from dirty water. eg: cholera
  • Air, droplets produced when you sneeze or cough can cause the flu.
  • On surfaces from touching pathogenic surfaces. eg: athlete’s foot
  • Body fluids such as blood being shared could be one transmission. eg: HIV.
  • Food that is contaminated with disease. eg: salmonella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the three ways humans defend against pathogens.

A

Physical
Chemical
Microbial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An example of a physical defence?

A

Skin acts as a barrier to pathogens. If skins gets cut platelets come in to clot the wound to stop potential pathogen entering blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An example of a chemical defence?

A

Saliva contains molecules which kill pathogens that enter the mouth, so they do not react in the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

An example of a microbial defence?

A

If the pathogen does get past the saliva in the mouth they have to compete with immune cells and antibodies in the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What physical defences do plants have to defend against pathogens? (2)

A

A waxy cuticle (leaf’s surface) which acts as a waterproof barrier.
Plants surround themselves with cell wall made from cellulose which acts as a physical barrier is the pathogen makes it past the waxy cuticle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do plants not have that humans do.

A

Plants do not have a specialised immune system or antibodies like animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most important function of the immune system?

A

Destroying pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most important part of your immune system?

A

Your white blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three stages of attacking a pathogen?

A
  • Consuming them
  • Producing antibodies
  • Producing antitoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

consuming them. What do white blood cells do, and name some features of one that allow them to do this.

A

Flexible membranes and lots of enzymes enables them to engulf foreign cells and digest them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

producing antibodies. What do the white blood cells do?

A

White blood cells come across a foreign antigen on a pathogen, and receptors in membrane bind to the antigen. WBC produce proteins called antibodies which are specific and lock on to the antigens invading cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

producing antitoxins. What do the white blood cells do.

A

Some white blood cells produce antitoxins which counteract the toxins produced in the pathogen and limit any damage done by invading pathogens.

18
Q

Name some ways in which disease can be reduced or prevented in ANIMALS. (3)

A
  • Being hygienic
  • Living in clean, safe conditions
  • Sterilising wounds
  • Vaccinations
19
Q

Name some ways in which disease can be reduced or prevented in PLANTS. (2)

A
  • Crop rotation = pathogens are specific to a particular plant and changing the type of plants grown stops the pathogens becoming established in an area
  • Destroying infected plants
  • Regulating movement of plant material = infected plants will not come into contact with healthy plants.
20
Q

Why are you vaccinated?

A

If you’re infected with a new pathogen it make take your WBC a while to produce antibodies. In this time you may become very ill.

21
Q

What are big outbreaks of disease called?

A

Epidemics

22
Q

Name a pro and a con for a vaccination.

A

Pros:
Helps to control lots of communicable diseases.
Cons:
Does not always work
Expensive to carry out vaccination programmes

23
Q

Name a laboratory technique that can be used to identify a disease.

A
  • Counting the number of cells in a sample
    eg: some diseases may change the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood. Also white blood cells outside the normal range could indicate body is fighting infection.
24
Q

How do you grow bacteria?

A
  • Hot agar jelly pour into petri dish.
  • Then set an inoculating loop to transfer microorganisms.
  • Then the microorganisms begin to multiply
25
Q

What are aseptic techniques?

Name an aseptic technique.

A

Techniques used to prevent contamination of cultures by unwanted organisms
eg: Hot flame.

26
Q

You can compare effectiveness of different antibiotics on bacteria by looking at the relative sizes of the clear zones.

The larger the clear zone means what?
How do you find the area of a clear zone?

A

The more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria.

Area = π x r^2

27
Q

You can use equation above to calculate the area of a bacterial colony. What do you need to do first?

A

Measure the diameter of the colony.

28
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies? How do you make them?

Look in revision guide if not sure.

A
  • Produced from clones of white blood cells.
    1) Inject animal with antigen
    2) White blood cells produced against the antigen making lots of antibodies.
    3) Blood taken
    4) Cells fused with tumour cells, which cause them to divide rapidly, producing lots of the antibody.
29
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?

A
  • Can be injected into a patients bloodstream
  • Antibodies bind to cancer cell antigens
  • Cancer cells become labelled, causing an immune system response against the cells.
30
Q

Name the two lifestyle factors and say why they can affect the risk of non-communicable diseases.

A

Exercise. Diet.

-If you are exercising it boosts metabolism rate because you are gaining muscle and means that energy from food gets used quickly so you are less likely to be obese or develop type 2 diabetes.
-Increases the risk of CVD because it increases blood pressure.
Diet links into this.

31
Q

How do lots of factors interact to cause non-communicable diseases?

A

Sometimes you may inherit a genetic variant which makes you more susceptible to a disease. These genes alone don’t mean you get the disease, but other factors: e.g. poor diet make you more likely to have the disease.

32
Q

How can alcohol and smoking lead to non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Alcohol is poisonous and toxic, and overtime stops blood reaching the liver.
  • Drinking too much increases blood pressure, which can lead to CVD.

Cigarettes produce carbon monoxide, which reduces oxygen carrying capacity. if the cardiac muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen, heart attacks can occur.
Smoking can cause cancer
-Smoking whilst pregnant can result in health problems for the baby.

33
Q

Lifestyle factors cause different trends.
Name a trend for the increase in risk of non-communicable diseases:
-Globally
-National
-Local

A

G- Lack of exercise and higher alcohol consumption are associated with higher income

N- People in deprived areas are much more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not take part in physical activity than those who are better of financially.

L- Individual lifestyle choices which are obvious, increases the risk.

34
Q

What do scatter diagrams show?

A

The relationship between two variables.

35
Q

Regular exercise increases what and decreases what?

A

Reduces a persons resting heart rate

Speeds up a persons rate of recovery

36
Q

What do painkillers NOT do?

A

Painkillers do not tackle the cause of the disease of kill the pathogens.

37
Q

What medicines can help treat disease? (2)

A

ANTIBIOTICS
-Chemicals which kill bacteria and prevent bacterial infections from happening
ANTIVIRALS
-Stops viruses from reproducing

38
Q

How can misuse of antibiotics make diseases hard to treat? (2)

A
  • Some bacteria are naturally resistant to some antibiotics

- Misuse of antibiotics can increase these resistant strains.

39
Q

What can CVD cause? (3)

A

Coronary heat disease
Heart attack
Stroke

40
Q

How can you treat Cardiovascular disease? (3)

A

Healthy lifestyle
Medicines
Surgical procedures.

41
Q

What is Preclinical testing?

A

-Cells are tested on grown human cells, then tested on live animals.

42
Q

What is clinical testing?

A

If the drug passes the preclinical testing, it is then tested on human volunteers.

Isaac's biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions