B4 complete Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is respiration
Respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose.
How do plants respire?
Plants make their own glucose for respiration through photosynthesis.
How do animals respire?
Animals produce glucose for respiration by breaking down the biomass they get when they eat other organisms.
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Symbol equation=
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water
c6h12o6+6o2 –> 6co2+6h2o
In plant and animal cells (EUKARYOTIC) where does aerobic respiration occur? And why?
In aerobic respiration in a eukaryotic cell it mostly takes place the mitochondria.
Because the mitochondria contains most enzymes needed to control aerobic respiration reactions.
In microorganisms like bacteria cells (PROKARYOTIC) where do all aerobic reactions take place?
PROKARYOTIC = Cytoplasm
How can you investigate respiration rate?
And how is it affected?
The rate of respiration in yeast in affected by different substrates?
What is anaerobic respiration and why is aerobic better?
Anaerobic respiration is without oxygen
It is not the best way to transfer energy from glucose because it transfers much less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic.
What is the reaction for anaerobic respiration in an animal and some bacteria.
Waste product formed*
Glucose –> Lactic acid
What is the reaction for anaerobic respiration in plants and some microorganisms (like yeast).
Waste product formed*
Glucose –> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
What happens in the mitosis?
Which is longer interphase or mitosis?
Chromosomes line up and are pulled apart by the cell fibres
-Arms of each chomosome go to opposite ends of the cell
- Membranes form around the chromosmes-become the nuclei of the 2 cells
- Then the cytoplasm and membrane then divide, producing daughter cells-idnetical to parent cell
Mitosis happens relatively quickly and interphase is the long process.
How do cancers form?
Cells divide by mitosis.
Cancers are a case of uncontrolled cell division in the cells’ genes. A cell may start dividing uncontrollably if their is a change in one of the genes.
What are light microscopes? Name a thing you can see with one.
Uses light. They work by passing light through the specimen. Like the nuclei.
What are electron microscopes? Name a thing you can see with one.
Uses electrons. Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes, so we can see smaller more detailed structures. Like the internal structure of the mitochondria.
What is the equation for total magnification?
Eyepiece lens magnification x lens magnification
What is the equation for magnification?
Magnification = measured size / actual size
What is sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction is where genetic information from two organisms is combined to produce offspring that are genetically different to your parent.
What do the mother and father both produce?
Gametes. Each parent containing half of the chromosomes needed.
What happens during sexual reproduction?
What happens at fertilisation. Use the word zygote.
What happens to the zygote after it has been produced?
-A male gamete (sperm) fuses with a female gamete (egg)
to produce a fertilised egg. This is known as a zygote.
- Zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and develops into an embryo.
- The embryo inherits characteristics from both parents
What happens in division 2 of meiosis?
Chromosomes line up again
- Chromosomes pulled apart
- You get 4 gametes
The cells in an embryo are all the same. What is this called? And name a feature of them that allows them to do something.
Embryonic stem cells are unspecialised, so they can divide to produce any type of specialised cell (Blood cells).
Stem cells can differentiate into different types of cell. Name one place where they can be found.
Bone marrow.
Meristems contain plant stem cells.
What are meristems?
Meristems are found in plant tissues
- They are found in areas where the plant is growing - roots and shoots.
- Unspecialised cells that can divide into any type of cell in the plant.
- Form tissues like xylem and phloem.
Stem cells can be used in medicine, how and why?
Extract stem cells from very early human embryos, can be stimulated to differentiate into specialised cells.
