B2 Enzymes Flashcards
Name the 2 mechanisms used to explain how enzymes work.
Lock and key
Induced fit
Describe the shape of the active site and substrate.
Complementary.
How do enzymes catalyse reactions?
Reduce the activation energy of the reaction.
Puts strain on the bond to be broken
What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?
Hydrogen bonds break.
Changes tertiary structure of enzyme.
Changes shape of active site.
Substrate no longer fits into active site.
No nzume substrate complexes formed.
Reduces rate of reaction.
Name two variables that can denature enzymes.
High temperature.
pH too high or low.
Describe how low temperatures reduce the rate of an enzyme controlled reactions.
At low temperatures:
Substrate and enzyme molecules have low kinetic energy.
Few successful collisions between substrate and active site.
Fewer enzyme substrate complexes formed.
Low rate of reaction.
How do non-competitive inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
Non-competitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site on enzyme.
Changes the shape of the active site.
Active site and substrate are no longer complementary.
Reduces number of enzyme substrate complexes formed.
How do competitive inhibitors reduce the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
Competitive inhibitor and substrate have similar shape.
Inhibitor fits into the active site.
Substrate at able to enter active site.
Fewerenzyme substarte complexes formed.
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action
Shape of active site is not complementary to the substrate
Binding of a substrate to the active site causes a conformational change
An enzyme substrate complex forms
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?
If enzyme concentration is controlled -
Rate increases proportionally to the substrate concentration.
Rate levels off when a maximum number of enzyme substrate complexes form at any given time. ie all the active sites are full.
How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?
If substrate concentration is in excess -
Rate increase proportionally to enzyme concentration
Rate levels off when a maximum number of enzyme substrate complexes form at any given time
How does pH affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
Enzymes have a narrow optimum pH range
H+ ions and OH- ions alter the charges on amino acids
Hydrogen and ionic bonds break
Changes tertiary structure
Changes the shape of the active site
Substrate no longer complementary to the active site.
Describe the difference in shape between a competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
Competitive - similar shape to substrate
Bind to the active site
Non-competitive - different shape to substrate.
Binds to allosteric binding site
Outline how to calculate the rate of reaction from a graph
Plot a graph of dependent variable (y axis) against time (x axis)
Calculate gradient of line or gradient of tangent to a point on the graph
Outline how to calculate the rate of reaction from raw data
Change in dependent variable / time
