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Biology 2 > B2.3 Common Systems > Flashcards

B2.3 Common Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why are there gaps in the fossil record?

A
  1. Soft tissue decays
  2. Some hard tissue is destroyed before a fossil can form
  3. Some fossils have not yet been found
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2
Q

What is the common basic limb structure through time in vertebrates?

A

The Pentadactyl limb.

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3
Q

Name three species that have the pentadactyl limb.

A

Many answers possible, including human, whale, horse, bird, bat, frog and lizard

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4
Q

What is a meristem?

A

An area in a plant where cells divide by mitosis

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5
Q

What is elongation?

A

An area where cells get longer in a plant.

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6
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When stem cells differentiate into specialised cells for their job.

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7
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% plasma

45% red blood cells

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8
Q

What red pigment can combine reversibly with oxygen to transport it around the body?

A

Haemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin when it has combined.

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9
Q

What is a fossil?

A

The preserved traces or remains of an organism that lived thousands if years ago.

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10
Q

What is the function of our heart?

A

To pump oxygenated blood around our body

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11
Q

In order, through what does a red blood cell travel through on its way through the heart?

A

Vena Cava, right atrium, artio-ventricular valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left ventricle, atrio-ventricular valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta

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12
Q

Why is the muscle thicker on the left side of the heart than on the right side of the heart?

A

The left side needs to pump the blood around the whole body, not just to the lungs

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13
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel with a thick, muscular wall that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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14
Q

What is a Vein?

A

A blood vessel with a thin, muscular wall that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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15
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A blood vessel with a one cell thick wall that carries blood to where diffusion of substances needs to happen.

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16
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together for a purpose.

17
Q

What does digestion do?

A

Breaks down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules so that our bodies can use it.

18
Q

Which organs are a part of the alimentary canal (where the food travels)?

A

Mouth, Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

19
Q

Where is bile stored, made and found?

A

Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine.

20
Q

What is the process where a bolus of food is pushed down the Oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis

21
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A small ball of food that can travel down you Oesophagus.

22
Q

How is the acidic content of the stomach neutralised in the small intestine?

A

With Bile.

23
Q

What enzymes are used to digest Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats?

A

Carbohydrates : Amylase
Proteins : Protease
Fats: Lipase

24
Q

What do Carbohydrates, Proteins and fats break down into?

A

Carbohydrates : Simple sugars
Proteins : Amino Acids
Fats : Fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

What does Bile do to fats?

A

Emulsifies them (breaks them down into tiny droplets to give them a larger surface area to volume ratio)

26
Q

What are villi?

A

Folds in the lining of the small intestine to increase surface area for the absorption of food?

27
Q

What is inside Villi and what are their purpose?

A

Blood capillaries, which quickly take absorbed food away to allow more absorption to take place.

28
Q

What is Coeliac Disease?

A

A disease where there villi are lost.

29
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Foods that contain the bacteria Lactobacillus which produce lactic acid in the gut?

30
Q

What are plant sterol esters?

A

Oily substances found in plants, which lower the level of cholesterol in your blood.

31
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Substances that you body cannot digest and act as food for beneficial bacteria in your gut.

Biology 2 (3 decks)

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