B2.5 Proteins - their functions and uses Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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2
Q

How are amino acids structured?

A

They are folded to produce a specific shape that enable other molecules to fit into the protein

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3
Q

What do proteins act as?

A

Hormones, antibodies, catalysts and structural components of tissues such as muscles

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4
Q

What do catalysts do?

A

Increase the rate of chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is the name for biological catalysts?

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Why does every enzyme have a unique shape?

A

So it can fit onto the substance involved in a reaction

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8
Q

What happens if the enzyme doesn’t fit the substances shape?

A

It will not catalyse the reaction

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9
Q

The shape of an enzyme is…

A

Vital for the enzyme’s function

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10
Q

What happens if the temperatures are too high for an enzyme?

A

It’s shape is destroyed and changed, it becomes denatured

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11
Q

What also affects enzymes?

A

pH

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12
Q

Different enzymes work best at…

A

Different pH values

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13
Q

Do all enzymes work inside cells?

A

No, some enzymes work outside body cells, e.g. the digestive enzymes

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14
Q

What do digestive enzymes catalyse?

A

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules

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15
Q

What is the enzyme amylase produced by?

A

The salivary glands, pancreas and the small intestine

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16
Q

What does amylase catalyse?

A

The breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and the small intestine

17
Q

What is the enzyme protease produced by?

A

The stomach, pancreas and the small intestine

18
Q

What does protease catalyse?

A

The breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and the small intestine

19
Q

What sis the enzyme lipase produced by?

A

The pancreas and the small intestine

20
Q

What does lipase catalyse?

A

The breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine

21
Q

What does the stomach also produce?

A

Hydrochloric acid

22
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

Because the enzymes work best in acidic conditions

23
Q

What does the liver produce?

24
Q

Where is the bile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

25
Where is the bile released into?
The small intestine
26
What does the bile do?
It neutralises the acid from the stomach. This provide alkaline conditions in the small intestine, in which the enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively. It also emulsifies fats
27
What enzymes may biological detergents contain?
Protease and lipase
28
At what temperatures are biological detergents more effective at?
Lower temperatures than other types of detergents
29
What enzymes are in baby food and why?
Protease, used to 'pre-digest' the protein for the baby
30
What are carbohydrases used for in industry?
Converting starch into sugar starch
31
What is isomerase used for in industry?
Converting glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods
32
What are enzymes used to bring about in industry?
Reactions at normal temperatures and pressures which would have otherwise require expensive, energy- demanding equipment
33
What is the purpose of the muscular walls in the stomach?
They churn up the food
34
What happens at the small intestine?
Food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood
35
What happens at the large intestine?
Excess water is absorbed from the food
36
What are digestive enzymes produced by?
Specialised cells in the glands and the lining of the gut
37
What are some disadvantages for using enzymes in the industry?
They denature at high temperatures and they can be costly to produce